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Biology 1102 Foundations - Exam 2
Nervous System II
42
Biology
Undergraduate 1
02/26/2013

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Cards

Term
Blood Brain Barrier
Definition
Cellular structure prevents bacteria and large molecules from entering the brain. Water, Oxygen, CO2, Glucose, Alcohol, and sometimes viruses get through.
Term
What types of things weaken the BBB?
Definition
Genetics, high blood pressure (hypertension), radiation, and infection
Term
Circumventricular Organs
Definition
Areas of the brain where BBB is weak to allow monitoring of blood activity
Term
Area Postrema
Definition
In medulla, weak area of BBB detects toxins in blood and makes you vomit.
Term
Brain Infections
Definition
Hard to treat because most antibiotics are too big to get through the BBB
Term
Menegitis
Definition
Can be caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses, or injury. Infection leads to inflammation of the protective membranes around the brain and spinal cord (called Meninges). West Nile virus can cause this.
Term
Alzheimer's Disease
Definition
Disruption in the BBB where misfolded proteins (Beta Amyloid) enter the brain and accumulate. Forms Amyloid plaques.
Term
Coma
Definition
Unconsciousness in which a person cannot respond to stimuli (pain, light, or sound)
Term
Seizures
Definition
rapid simultaneous firing of neurons in the brain
Term
Epilepsy
Definition
Over 40 different kinds. Episodic abnormal electrical activity in the brain
Term
Tonic-Clonic Seizure
Definition
Most serious. accompanies by violent convulsions. Causes brain damage if it lasts too long.
Term
Absence Seizure
Definition
Mild seizure. Short duration. Stare into space or move around aimlessly. Don't remember it.
Term
Mental Illness
Definition
most cause by simple chemical imbalances in the brain often involving neurotransmitters
Term
What is Mental Illness difficult to treat?
Definition
it is difficult to get medications past the BBB
Term
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Definition
help controls nutrient flow in/out of the brain

transport molecules around the nervous system

Mechanical protection for brain and neurons
Term
Concussion
Definition
brain hits the skull and bruises
Term
Where does CSF drain?
Definition
into the lymphatic system
Term
CSF Pressure
Definition
Varies due to coughing, holding in sneezes, increases pressure
Term
When CSF Pressure is too high
Definition
It can prevent oxygen, glucose, and water from entering the brain.
Term
When CSF Pressure is too low
Definition
Headaches when standing up, blurred vision, loss of hearing
Term
Brainstem
Definition
survival functions, being alert and awake
Term
Pons
Definition
regulates breathing
Term
Midbrain
Definition
coordinates hearing and visual reflexes
Term
Medulla
Definition
controls heart rate, swallowing, vomiting, resting, and digestion
Term
Fainting (Vasovagal Synocope)
Definition
Vagos nerve sends body into emergency rest mode. Whole body vasodilation and loss of blood pressure to the brain causes fainting.
Term
Diencephalon
Definition
Homeostasis, sleep, thirst, hunger, anger, sex drive. Disorders, OCD, bipolar disorder, depression, schizophrenia. Hallucinogenic drugs affect it.
Term
Sleep
Definition
may function consolidating learning and memory
Term
Dreams (Oneirology)
Definition
Replay events that happened recently and prepare for future events. During REM sleep most motor skills are paralyzed.
Term
Cerebellum
Definition
coordinate muscles, balance, and position of body in space
Term
Cerebrum
Definition
memory, abstract thought, sensory perception, thinking, language
Term
Cerebral Cortex
Definition
Outer layer of cerebrum in mammals. Awareness, thinking, attention
Term
The left side of the brain...
Definition
controls the right side of the body and vise versa
Term
Left Side of brain
Definition
speech, language, math, logic, right side of body
Term
Right Side of brain
Definition
artistic, creativity, music, left side of body
Term
Limbic System
Definition
Inner layer of cerebrum. Produces and interprets emotions. Allows us to understand and interpret emotions of others. Includes the Hippocampus, which is involved in long-term memory.
Term
Memory/Learning
Definition
Made up of neural pathways that differ in length and which neurotransmitters are used.
Term
• Memorizing phone numbers, facts, and places can be rapid and may only take one exposure because they may rely on changes in the strength of existing neural connections. In contrast, the slow learning of complex new tasks may involve cellular mechanisms similar to those responsible for brain growth and development-neurons actually making new connections. Motor skills such as walking, riding a bike, tying your shoes, are usually learned by reception and are hard to unlearn. Our gait, gestures, accent, and other habits are hard to change once learned. You can teach an old dog new tricks, it just takes longer.
Definition
Term
Short-term Memory
Definition
frontal cortex (cerebrum)
Term
Long-Term Memory
Definition
hippocampus (limbic system)
Term
What factors improve the transfer of information from short to long term memory?
Definition
  • Practice (slow and steady wins the prize) 
  • Positive or negative Emotions associated with the memory 
  • New data can be Associated with something learned (context) 
  • Re-testing 

(PEAR ACRONYM FOR BONUS POINTS)

Term
How does marijuana use affect memory?
Definition
impairs brain's ability to form short-term memory
Term
How does alcohol abuse affect memory?
Definition
impairs brain's ability to form long-term memory (blackout)
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