Term
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Definition
| Specialized cells that sense movement and allow rapid long distance communication between cells |
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Term
| Central Nervous System (CNS) |
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Definition
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Term
| Peripheral Nervous System |
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Definition
| All Nerves attached to CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| special cells that conduct electrical chart |
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Term
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Definition
| directly sense environment and send signals to CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| send plain signals to CNS and detects damage to body |
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Term
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Definition
| painkillers that don't knock you out and block parts of CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| chronic body-wise pain, increases sensitivity to pain in CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| Attach to muscles and glands to make them work and receive messages from CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| spastic diplegia is most common form (70%), lack of GABA absorption in nerves causes almost permanent muscle contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| neuron fires when an animal acts and when it sees another perform the same action |
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Term
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Definition
| Involuntary response to some external stimulus that has a direct connection between a sensory and motor neuron without connection to the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| the main part of the cell with nucleus and organelles |
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Term
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Definition
| carry information away from the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| carry information away from the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| tiny spaces between nerve cells or between nerve and muscle or gland cells. |
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Term
Neuron Anatomy:
Myelin Sheath |
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Definition
| lipid-rich insulation around the axon that provides insulation and makes nerve impulse faster. |
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Term
| Membrane (Resting) Potential |
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Definition
| the resting in charge between inside and outside a nerve cell |
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Term
| The outside of the nerve cell at rest... |
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Definition
| is negatively charged because cells are surrounded by DNA and proteins. |
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Term
| The inside of the cell at rest... |
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Definition
| is positively charges because there is a high concentration of sodium ions |
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Term
| Action Potential (Nerve Impulse) |
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Definition
| temporary reversal of charges between the inside and outside of a nerve |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein channel in the nerve cell membrane that controls the movement of sodium ions into the cell. At rest, no sodium is flowing into the nerve cell by way of passive transport. |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein channel in the nerve cell membrane that controls movement of potassium ions out of the cell by way of passive transport. |
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Term
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Definition
| Uses ATP energy to restore cell to its resting charge by way of active transport. Pumps sodium back out and potassium back in. |
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Term
| How Does an Action Potential (Nerve Impulse) move along an Axon? |
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Definition
- Step 1: NA+ channel opens. NA+ ions flow into cell. Reverses charge; now positive inside, negative outside
- Step 2: Step 1 causes next NA+ channel to open, and so on. Action Potential moves along Axon away from cell body
- Step 3: K+ channels open after NA+ channel. K+ flows out and restores negative inside, positive outside
- Step 4: Sodium-Potassium pump uses ATP energy to pump NA+ out and K+ in. Membrane potential restored.
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Term
| How fast do nerve impulses travel in the vertebrates? |
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Definition
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Term
| Invertebrates lack a myelin stealth around their axons. How easy do their nerve impulses travel? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happened when the Action Potential reaches the end of an Axon? |
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Definition
| Neurotransmitters transmit nerve impulse to the Next neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| hormones secreted into the synapse |
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Term
| where are Neurotransmitters stored |
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Definition
| in small vesicles at the tips of axons |
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Term
| what causes the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic space? |
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Definition
| calcium ions flowing into the nerve cell |
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Term
| after neurotransmitters are used, what happens to them? |
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Definition
| either reabsorbed and reused or destroyed by enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| low levels of norepinephrine, dopamine, and/or serotonin have been linked to this. |
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Term
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Definition
| cocaine blocks the re-absorption of dopamine, body produces enzymes to destroy the extra dopamine, when not using cocaine the body keeps destroying dopamine so user cannot feel good unless using cocaine which is why they need more to get the same high |
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Term
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Definition
| nervous system poisons, many block ion channels from opening or closing |
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Term
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Definition
| works by blocking sodium channels from opening. No pain signals sent to the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| deadliest vertebrate on Earth. Batrachotoxin blocks sodium channels open and destroys membrane potential. Toxins may come from the food (beetles) that the animals eat. |
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Term
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Definition
| second deadliest vertebrate on Earth. Tetrodotoxin binds to and blocks sodium channels from opening. Produced by bacteria living inside the animal. |
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Term
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Definition
| At high doses, can block potassium channels open and make them leaky, even at rest. This lowers the membrane potential and causes slower reactions, stumbling, and slurred speech. |
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