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| A substance that cannot be broken down chemically into another substance |
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| Individual component pieces of an element |
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| Center of the atom which is usually made up of two types of particles |
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| Particles that have a positive charge |
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| Particles that have no electrical charge |
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| The amount of matter in a particle |
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| Negatively charged particles that go around the nucleus |
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| Made up of the combined mass of all its protons and neutrons |
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| Corresponds to how many protons an element has |
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| An atom that has extra neutrons or fewer neutrons than protons |
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| Groups of atoms held together by bonds |
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| When two atoms share electrons |
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| The sharing of two electrons between two atoms |
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| When two oppositely charged ions attract each other to form this bond |
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| When a hydrogen atom in one molecule forms a bond with another atom |
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| Large molecules made up from smaller building blocks or subunits |
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| Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids |
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| 4 types of Macromolecules |
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Simple sugars (Glucose and Fructose)
-ose tells you that it is a carbohydrate |
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Fuel for cellular activity
Stored temporarily as glycogen
Converted to fat |
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| Stored glucose molecules that are linked together. They can be broken down later to release glucose back into body |
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When two simple sugars are bonded together
EX: glucose+galactose=lactose |
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| Complex carbohydrate that forms from linking 2 or more simple sugars |
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| Energy rich macromolecules, insoluble in water. Lots of C-H bonds |
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| water-fearing non polar molecules |
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| water-loving molecules that form hydrogen bonds with water |
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Head and two or three tails.
Head-glycerol
Tail- fatty acids |
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| Fats having three fatty acids linked to the glycerol molecule |
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| each carbon in the hydrocarbon chain is bound to two hydrogen atoms |
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| At least one carbon in the hydrocarbon chain is bound to just one hydrogen causing fatty acid to have crooked shape. Usually plant derived |
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Major components of cell membrane that surrounds the cell and controls the flow of chemicals into and out of cell.
They contain a phosphorus atom and have two fatty acid chains. |
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| Chief building blocks of life. Make up skin, bones, muscles, etc |
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| Certain proteins that initiate and assist every chemical reaction that occurs |
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| 20 different molecules that can be strung together in combinations resulting in a protein that has unique structure and chemical behavior |
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| Unequal sharing of electrons |
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| state of internal consistency |
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| Extract energy and nutrients from non living environments |
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All living things come from other living things
All cells come from other cells
Evolve
Grow |
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| well substantiated, unifying explanation |
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| Atoms/ions are most stable when they have 8 electrons in outer shell. To satisfy this rule, some atoms will have to share electrons |
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| water molecules stick together |
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| Chains created by linking subunits called monomers |
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| Fat, Sterols, Phospholipids |
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| Regulate growth and development |
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Storage and transmission of genetic information
EX RNA & DNA |
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Monomers of nucleic acids.
Consists of 5-C sugar
a phosphate group
nitrogenous base |
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| All organisms consist of one or more cells |
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| Polysaccaride found in plants |
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| Polysaccharide found in animals |
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type of cell with complex structure containing organelles and nucleus
membrane |
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| Organelle where photosynthesis takes place |
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| Molecules that contain both carbon and hydrogen |
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Requires energy to proceed.
(Energy inward) |
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| Plants capture energy from the sun and store it in chemical bonds of sugars and other food molecules |
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| Stored energy waiting to be used to do work or cause change |
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| Energy of motion used to do work |
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| Plants, animals, and fungi release energy stored in chemical bonds of food molecules |
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| Without the imput of light |
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Term
| Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, Electron transport |
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Definition
| 3 processes of cellular respiration |
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Term
| prophase,prometaphase,metaphase,anaphase,telophase |
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| 46 chromosomes, 23 from each parent |
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| Two identical nuclei produced. Overall: daugther chromosomes sorted and seperated |
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Some cells divide constantly
Checkpoints:cell does not enter next stage until previous stage completed |
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Replicated chromosomes condense and move to the equator of cell.
Random and independent assortment.
Homologous chromosomes seperate.
Diploid--->Haploid
Result 2 haploid, 2 genetically different cells. |
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| Chromosome pairs align randomly and separate independently. Halves chromosomes. |
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| Single circular DNA molecule. Binary Fission inside |
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| Pair of chromosomes with identical dna sequences |
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| Energy Yield of Cellular Respiration processes |
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Definition
Glycolysis-2 ATP
Krebs Cycle-2 ATP
Electron Transport-28 ATP |
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Term
adenine
ribose sugar
cell's energy currency
"rechargable battery"
Adenosine triphosphate |
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Essential immortal
Lack contact inhibition
Creates own blood supply
Send signals to stimulate growth of blood vessels
Never lose ability to divide |
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One from mom one from dad
Look similar but not genetically identical
Carry genes for the same trait |
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Animals switch to this in absence of O2
Lactic acid builds up causing burning
Yeast switch to in absence of O2
Production of ethanol |
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Definition
| Anaerobic Respiration/Fermentation |
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Term
| Bond between simple sugars broken |
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Definition
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Term
Observations
Frame a question
Hypothesis
Prediction
Design and Conduct Experiment
Analyze your results |
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| Inherited characteristics that enables an organism to successfully survive and reproduce. |
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| Solid at Room temperatures |
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| Polymer of Glucose, makes plant cell walls rigid |
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proteins - amino acids,
nucleic acids - nucleotides ( made up of a five carbon sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base),
carbohydrates - monosaccharides ( simple sugars)
lipids - fatty acids / glycerol |
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Definition
| Monomers of 4 types of macromolecules |
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Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Ribosome
DNA |
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| Like an office separated into cubicles |
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Ancestral Eukaryote engulfs prokaryote
Ancestral Eukaryote and prokaryote merge |
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| Tip of eukaryotic chromosomes |
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| Cell division stops at this |
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In Mitochondria membrane
Used to make ATP |
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Carbon Dioxide+Water+Energy (ATP)
Cellular Respiration |
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| Sunlight+Water+Carbon Dioxide |
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Definition
Oxygen+Sugar
Photosynthesis |
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| End with a net output of energy |
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