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2 Mendelian genetics
June 12
14
Biology
Undergraduate 2
06/12/2015

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Term
What is the law of segregation?
Definition
In diploid organisms, the two alleles are inherited from different parents and end up in different gametes
Term
What is a monohybrid cross?
Definition
A genetic cross studying the genetics of a single trait
Term
What is a punnett square?
Definition
Table used to predict probabilities of possible outcomes form a genetic cross
Term
How do you fill out a punnett square?
Definition
Place genotypes for each possible parental gamete along axes, fill in genotypes, this tells you the likelihood of each possible outcome
Term
What is the Law of Independent Assortment?
Definition
Genes for different traits will assort independently during gametogenesis
All possible phenotypes can be seen
Distinct traits are usually not inherited together
There are exceptions
Term
What is a dihybrid cross?
Definition
A cross involving two traits
ex) RRYY x rryy
Paternal and maternal genes will re-assort randomly
Term
What is probability?
Definition
◦ The likelihood a specific possible event will occur
Probability = number of times specific outcome occurs over the total number of outcomes
Term
What is the addition rule with probability?
Definition
the probability of any of multiple outcomes is the sum of the probabilities for each individual event
 ‘either’ / ‘or’ results
 Example: What are the chances of
rolling a 2 or a 3?
1/6 (2) + 1/6 (3) = 2/6 = 1/3
Term
What is the multiplication rule with probability?
Definition
the probability of all of several independent events occurring is the product of the probabilities of each individual event
 ‘and’ results
 Example: What are the chances of
rolling a 2, then a 3?
1/6 (1st roll) x 1/6 (2nd) = 1/36
Term
What are multi-hybrid crosses?
Definition
Can be determined with increasingly complex punnett squares or:
The probabilities for each trait can be calculated independently, then apply multiplication rule
Term
What is a test cross?
Definition
Crossing a dominant individual with a recessive will give different results depending on the genotype of the dominant phenotype parent
Term
Describe the difference between probability and outcome
Definition
Probability ≠ Outcome
Term
Describe how to do the addition and multiplication rules together
Definition
◦ Complex probabilities can be
calculated through combinations of
Addition and Multiplication Rules

 Example: What are the chances of
rolling getting a 2 and a 3 in either
order, in two rolls?
Chance of (2 and 3) or (3 and 2)
[1/6 (2) x 1/6 (3)] + [1/6 (3) x 1/6 (2)] = 2/36 = 1/18
Term
Describe a misconception of dominance vs predominance
Definition
Just because a trait is dominant does not make it the one that will be seen. ex having 6 fingers in humans. it is dominant but 5 finger recessive is popular
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