Term
| What is a point mutation? |
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Definition
| Changes one nucleotide to a different one |
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Term
| What are 3 point mutations? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Insertion or deletion in a dna sequence |
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Term
| What are two types of changes in dna sequence? |
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Definition
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Term
Where do mutations come from? |
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Definition
Errors in DNA replication
Isomerization of bases during DNA replication
Induced changes |
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Term
| What are three induced changes in mutation? |
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Definition
Uv light
Ionizing radiation
Chemical mutagens |
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Term
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Definition
Regulating when, where and how much a gene is expressed
Every cell has the same dna but must be expressed differently |
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Term
| How are biochemical pathways regulated? |
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Definition
Feedback- regulate enzyme activity
Expression-regulate enzyme productiom |
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Term
| Why are genes regulated in pro? |
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Definition
So that stuff that is needed is not made
Energy conservation
respond to environment
use of operons is key strategy |
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Term
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Definition
A cluster of functionally related genes transcribed as a unit on a single mRNA (and the sequences that control their transcription)
Allows coordinated regulation of genes involved in an entire pathway by regulating one promoter |
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Term
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Definition
| in prokaryotes and viruses |
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Term
| What responds to biochemical signals to turn entire operon on and off? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe Transcription Initiation |
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Definition
Transcription factors bind DNA at specific sequences where RNA synthesis is to begin
◦ Promoter
Bound factors load RNA
polymerase
RNA polymerase melts the
DNA
RNA polymerase starts
making RNA |
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Term
| What is the information source/Raw material/ Enzyme carrying out polymerization/ energy source for Replication? |
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Definition
Information source: DNA
Raw material: dNTP
Enzyme carrying out polymerization: DNA Pol III
Energy source: dNTP (ATP) |
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Term
| What is the information source/Raw material/ Enzyme carrying out polymerization/ energy source for Transcription? |
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Definition
Information source: DNA template strand
Raw material: NTP
Enzyme carrying out polymerization: RNA Polymerase
Energy source: NTP (ATP) |
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Term
| What is the information source/Raw material/ Enzyme carrying out polymerization/ energy source for Translation? |
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Definition
Information source: mRNA
Raw material: Amino acids (in the form of Amino-acyl tRNA)
Enzyme carrying out polymerization: Ribosome
Energy source: GTP (ATP) |
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Term
| What turns operons on and off? |
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Definition
| regulatory proteins that respond to biochemical signals |
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Term
| How does tryptophan effect the cell? |
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Definition
If tryptophan is absent, operon is active, cell makes tryptophan
If there is enough tryptophan, it shuts down the operon |
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