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| (adenosine triphosphate) Functional Group. An adenine containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hyrdrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells. |
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| A non-spontaneous chemical reaction, in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings. |
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| Energy associated with the relative motion of objects. |
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| The energy that matter posses as a result of its location or spatial arrangement (structure). |
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| A macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. Most enzymes are proteins. Enzymes are catalysts (but catalysts are not enzymes). |
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| The pH at which an enzyme has maximum potency and efficiency. |
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| The temperature at which any operation, such as the culture of any special microorganism, is best carried on. |
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| A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate, whose structure it mimics. |
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| A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing the enzyme's shape so that the active site no longer effectively catalyzes the conversion of the substrate to product. |
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| A method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway. |
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| A series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule (anabolic pathway) or breaks down a complex molecule to a simpler molecule (catabolic pathway) |
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| The reactant on which an enzyme works. |
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| The specific region of an enzyme that binds the substrate and that forms the pocket in which catalysis occurs. |
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| The structure of ATP. In the cell, most hydroxyl groups of _________ are ________. |
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| The hydrolysis of ATP. The reaction of ATP and water yields inorganic _____________ and _________ and releases ______________. |
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| A chemical reaction in which the interaction of a compound with water results in the decomposition of that compound. |
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| Transport work: ATP phosphorylates ________ _________. |
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| Mechanical Work: ATP binds ____________ to _________ and then is hydrolyzed |
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| noncovalently, motor proteins |
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| Phosphorylated Intermediate |
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| A molecule (often a reactant) with a phosphate group convalently bonded to it, making it more reactive (less stable) than the unphosphorylated molecule. |
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Energy released by breakdown reactions (catabolism) is used to phosphorylate ADP, regenerating ATP. Chemical potential energy stored in ATP drives most cellular work.
ATP+H2O (hydrolysis) -->
ADP + Phosphorus and releases energy -->
energy from catabolism gained + ADP +P -->
ATP (+ H20)..... |
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Term
Active Site and Catalyst Cycle of an Enzyme
(6 Steps) |
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Definition
1) Substrates enter active site, enzyme changes shape to make substrates fit nicely (like a puzzle).
2) Substrates held in active site by weak interactions (hydrogen/ionic bonds).
3) Active site speeds up reaction.
4) Substrates converted to products.
5) Products released.
6) Active site is available for 2 new substrates. |
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| A catabolic process that is a partial degradation of sugars or other organic fuel that occurs without the use of oxygen |
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| The most efficient way for cells to harvest energy stored in food is through this. The catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which breaks down organic molecules and use an electron transport chain for the production of ATP. |
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Definition
Semi fluid material surrounding organelles; site of many cellular reactions (cellular respiration)
Cytoplasm offers support to the cell. It allows the cell to take up 3-dimensional space and the cell's many organelles to "float" freely throughout. Also acts as a medium for transport inside the cell.
The cytoplasm is a liquid in which the organelles float in. It speeds up intercellular travel. |
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| Mitochondria and ATP production. |
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Definition
| The electron transport "chain" is a series of electron carriers in the membrane of the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells. Through a series of reactions, the "high energy" electrons are passed to oxygen. In the process, a gradient is formed, and ultimately ATP is produced. |
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| OIL (or) RIG of electrons. |
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| Consists of a number of molecules, mostly proteins, built into the inner membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and the plasma membrane of aerobically respiring prokaryotes. |
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| An organic acid that is a product of the split sugars in glycolysis. |
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| iterally means "splitting sugars." Glucose, a six carbon sugar, is split into two molecules of a three carbon sugar. In the process, two molecules of ATP, two molecules of pyruvic acid and two "high energy" electron carrying molecules of NADH are produced. Glycolysis can occur with or without oxygen. In the presence of oxygen, glycolysis is the first stage of cellular respiration. Without oxygen, glycolysis allows cells to make small amounts of ATP. This process is called fermentation. |
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Krebs Cycle begins after the two molecules of the three carbon sugar produced in glycolysis are converted to a slightly different compound.
What is that compound? |
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| A general term for an enzyme that can synthesize adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate by using a form of energy. |
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| The diffusion of ions across a selectively-permeable membrane. More specifically, it relates to the generation of ATP by the movement of hydrogen ions across a membrane during cellular respiration. (Transfer of H+ across a membrane). |
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| How many ATP are in Glucose? |
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Definition
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| How many ATP are in a triglyceride? |
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Definition
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| Stages of Cellular Respiration |
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Definition
1) Glycolysis
2) Pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle
3)Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis |
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| Reactants and Products of Glycolysis |
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Definition
Reactants: Glucose
Products: pyruvate (ATP and electrons that are carried by NADH) |
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| During Pyruvate Oxidation, Pyruvate is converted to what? |
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Definition
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| In cellular respiration, what is the step after pyruvate oxidation? |
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| cleaves the sugar molecule (during glycolysis) into 2 different 3-carbon sugars. |
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| __________ is reduced to ____________ in the Citric Acid Cycle. |
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| Where is ATP Synthase located? |
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Definition
| inner membrane of the mitochondria or the prokaryotic plasma membrane |
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| the enzyme that actually makes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. |
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| aka for citric acid cycle |
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| microscopic pores that allows CO2 to enter the leaf and O2 to leave. |
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| Where is the chloroplast found? |
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Definition
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| The tissue in the interior of the leaf. |
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| Approximately how many Chloroplasts are in the Mesophyll? |
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| A dense fluid that is surrounded by an envelope in the chloroplast that had 2 members |
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| A membrane-bound compartment inside chloroplasts and cyanobacteria. They are the site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. The word "thylakoid" is derived from the Greek thylakos, meaning "sac". ... |
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| Where is chlorophyll located? |
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Definition
| The thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts. |
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| What goes into the Calvin cycle? |
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Definition
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| What comes out of the Calvin Cycle? |
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| CH2O (sugar), NADP+, ADP + P |
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| Light absorbed by chlorophyl drives a transfer of the electrons and hydrogen ions from water to an acceptor called what? |
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Definition
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| Visible light is between what range of wave length? |
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Definition
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| 3 types of pigment in chloroplasts |
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| Chlorophyll α, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids |
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Definition
| Carbon Fixation, Reduction, Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor |
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| What is the CO2 acceptor in the Calvin Cycle? |
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