Term
Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection is based on the idea that ...
1. Populations can grow rapidly, but usually remain constant.
2. Some individuals are better at obtaining resources and mates than others.
3. Variation that is due to genetic differences will be passed on to the offspring.
4. The next generation will be better adapted then the last.
5. All of the above. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Silent mutations ...
1. Evolve only by natural selection.
2. Evolve only by genetic drift.
3. Evolve by natural selection and genetic drift.
4. Do not evolve.
5. Only occur in the genes. |
|
Definition
| 2. Evolve only by genetic drift. |
|
|
Term
Lamarck's ideas about acquired inheritance were fundamentally flawed, but his theory included an idea
that is part of evolutionary theory today and was revolutionary at the time, which was ...
1. Traits developed during the life of an animal are passed on to its young.
2. Species are not immutable and can change through time.
3. Giraffes have longer necks because they have to stretch them to try to reach the leaves on tall trees.
4. All 1, 2, and 3 are true
5. Only 1 and 2 are true. |
|
Definition
| 2. Species are not immutable and can change through time. |
|
|
Term
Phylogenies based on DNA sequence variation...
1. Display radiations of taxa supporting the hypothesis that there was a major flood within the last 10,000 years.
2. Are biased to follow morphological variation because they are based on genes that are expressed.
3. Display regular branching patterns back through deep time to the earliest single-celled organisms.
4. Provide evidence for intelligent desgin.
5. Both 1 and 4 are true. |
|
Definition
| 3. Display regular branching patterns back through deep time to the earliest single-celled organisms. |
|
|
Term
We can conclude the wolves and domestic dogs share a recent common ancestor because...
1. These two species display high similarity across their neutral DNA.
2. All breeds of dog are interfertile with wolves.
3. These two species display high levels of morphological similarity.
4. Only 1 and 3 are true.
5. All 1, 2, and 3 are true. |
|
Definition
| 5. All 1, 2, and 3 are true. |
|
|
Term
Intelligent design as proposed by Behe states that...
1. States that the molecular machinery is too complex to be explained by evolution by natural processes.
2. Is not really a theory because it is not supported by a large body of evidence.
3. Is not really a theory because it is not provide testable hypotheses.
4. States that complex structures were created by an "intelligent designer."
5. All of the above are true. |
|
Definition
| 5. All of the above are true. |
|
|
Term
The modern synthesis was important in the development of modern evolutionary theory because...
1. It successfully integrated Mendel's laws of genetic inheritance with Darwin's ideas on evolution by natural
selection.
2. Showed that the Medelians were wrong about evolution.
3. It showed that the Biometricians were wrong about evolution.
4. It pointed out that most evolution at the level of DNA occurs by genetic drift.
5. All of the above. |
|
Definition
1. It successfully integrated Mendel's laws of genetic inheritance with Darwin's ideas on evolution by natural
selection. |
|
|
Term
Homologous structures of plants and animals...
1. Have the same evolutionary origins but different functions.
2. Have different evolutionary origins but the same functions.
3. Have the same evolutionary origins and similar functions.
4. Have different evolutionary origins and different functions.
5. Have no obvious purpose. |
|
Definition
| 3. Have the same evolutionary origins and similar functions. |
|
|
Term
Vestigial structures of plants and animals...
1. Have the same evolutionary origins but different functions.
2. Have different evolutionary origins but the same functions.
3. Have the same evolutionary origins and the same functions.
4. Have different evolutionary origins and different functions.
5. Have no obvious purpose. |
|
Definition
| 5. Have no obvious purpose. |
|
|
Term
10. Genetic drift ...
1. Can be defined as random changes in allele frequencies between generations.
2. Occurs because some individuals survive and reproduce better than others.
3. Has larger effects on allele frequencies in small populations
4. All 1, 2, and 3 are true.
5. Only 1 and 3 are true. |
|
Definition
| 5. Only 1 and 3 are true. |
|
|
Term
Natural selection ...
1. Can be defined as random changes in allele frequencies between generations.
2. Occurs because some individuals survive and reproduce better than others.
3. Has larger effects on allele frequencies in small populations
4. All 1, 2, and 3 are true.
5. Only 1 and 3 are true. |
|
Definition
| 2. Occurs because some individuals survive and reproduce better than others. |
|
|
Term
Stabilizing selection occurs when ....
1. Individuals that are closest to the average value for a trait have the highest survival.
2. Individuals that are closest to the average value for a trait have the lowest survival.
3. Individuals that are closest to one end of the distributional range for a trait have the highest survival.
4. Individuals with all values of the trait have equal survival.
5. None of the individuals in the population survive. |
|
Definition
| 1. Individuals that are closest to the average value for a trait have the highest survival. |
|
|
Term
Numerous insect pests have become resistant to pesticides such as DDT. Before spraying there are
always a few naturally resistant individuals, but they become abundant after spraying. This is an example of:
1. Stabilizing selection.
2. Disruptive selection.
3. Directional selection.
4. Mutation.
5. Genetic drift. |
|
Definition
| 3. Directional selection. |
|
|
Term
Mutations ....
1. Are the ultimate source of all genetic variation.
2. Result in genetic variation that is then subject to the forces of selection and genetic drift.
3. Typically result in large morphological differences that produce unfit individuals.
4. Only 1 and 2 are correct.
5. Only 1 and 3 are correct. |
|
Definition
| 4. Only 1 and 2 are correct |
|
|
Term
Sexual selection was proposed by Darwin to explain ....
1. Non-random mating.
2. The high levels of promiscuity in the males of a species.
3. Survival of the sexiest.
4. Spectacular ornaments or coloring that only occur in the males of a species.
5. The reason that some males obtain more mates than others. |
|
Definition
| 4. Spectacular ornaments or coloring that only occur in the males of a species. |
|
|
Term
The frequency of genotypes in a population will follow Hardy-Weinberg expectations when .....
1. There is no selection.
2. There is no Gene flow.
3. There is no genetic drift.
4. Mating is random.
5. All of the above. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Gene flow among populations is important because .... (5 options - see next page)
1. It helps spread advantageous mutations.
2. It helps maintain species' identity.
3. It increases the level of genetic variation in populations of the species.
4. Only 1 and 2 are true.
5. All, 1, 2, and 3 are true. |
|
Definition
| 5. All, 1, 2, and 3 are true. |
|
|
Term
The intergenic DNA (the sequences between genes) – is useful to scientists because…..
1. It accumulates mutations at a higher rate than genes do.
2. The mutations are not affected by natural selection.
3. The mutations accumulate at a regular rate over time making a good “molecular clock.”
4. The number of mutation differences between two species gives us a reliable idea of how closely related they are.
5. All of the above are true. |
|
Definition
| 5. All of the above are true. |
|
|
Term
Novel gene function evolves because….
1. There are multiple copies of each gene.
2. The enzymes that genes code for are not specific- they usually can catalyze more than one chemical reaction.
3. Enzymes are usually more efficient at catalyzing one reaction even if they can catalyze several reactions.
4. Natural selection can act on a single copy of a gene to make it more efficient at one reaction or another.
5. All of the above contribute to the evolution of novel gene function. |
|
Definition
| 5. All of the above contribute to the evolution of novel gene function. |
|
|
Term
What was Charles Darwin’s major contribution to the origin the diversity of life on Earth?
1. All species were created at one time.
2. Species change over time because of Natural Selection.
3. All species share common ancestors.
4. Both 1 and 2 are true.
5. Both 2 and 3 are true. |
|
Definition
| 5. Both 2 and 3 are true. |
|
|
Term
The male stickleback fish is bright red in ponds where predators are absent. When predators are present
they tend to be drab colored like the females. What’s going on?
1. Sexual selection does not work if predators are present.
2. Sexual selection favors bright colors, but natural selection favors the drab color when predators are present.
3.Females only prefer bright males if predators are not around.
4. This is an example of genetic drift.
5. Males are shy about their color when predators are around. |
|
Definition
| 2. Sexual selection favors bright colors, but natural selection favors the drab color when predators are present. |
|
|
Term
In science, a theory is the same as...
1. An explanation of processes that is consistent with a large number of observations.
2. An observation of the physical world.
3. An idea (guess) that explains an observation or small set of observations.
4. The process of obtaining corroborative evidence.
5. An idea I came up with in the shower this morning. |
|
Definition
| 1. An explanation of processes that is consistent with a large number of observations. |
|
|
Term
What does Intelligent Design say about the origin of life on Earth?
1. All species were created at one time.
2. Species change over time because of Natural Selection.
3. Organisms are too complex to have come about solely by random – natural – processes.
4. Both 1 and 2 are true.
5. Both 2 and 3 are true. |
|
Definition
| 3. Organisms are too complex to have come about solely by random – natural – processes. |
|
|
Term
What was the outcome of the Dover trial?
1. The judge determined that Intelligent Design was based on creationism and was not science.
2. The judge determined that Intelligent Design was based on creationism but had some scientific validity.
3. The judge was brainwashed by atheists.
4. Both 1 and 2 are true.
5. Both 2 and 3 are true. |
|
Definition
| 1. The judge determined that Intelligent Design was based on creationism and was not science. |
|
|
Term
Hypotheses in biology.....
1. Are developed within the framework of the Theory of Evolution.
2. Are developed using inductive reasoning.
3. Are tested using deductive reasoning based on observable facts.
4. Both 1 and 2 are true.
5. Both 2 and 3 are true.
6. Both 1 and 3 are true.
7. All 1, 2, 3 are true. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Hybridization between species is evidence of ….
1. Local cultural differences.
2. Genotypic plasticity.
3. Evolutionary divergence.
4. Sympatric speciation.
5. Incomplete reproductive isolation. |
|
Definition
| 5. Incomplete reproductive isolation. |
|
|
Term
Geographic variation within species is evidence of:
1. Local cultural differences.
2. Genotypic plasticity.
3. Evolutionary divergence.
4. Sympatric speciation.
5. Incomplete reproductive isolation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A good example of a postmating isolation mechanism-
1. Genetic incompatibility.
2. A complex mating ritual.
3. Geographical isolation.
4. Only 1 and 2 are true.
5. Only 2 and 3 are true. |
|
Definition
| 1. Genetic incompatibility. |
|
|
Term
The biological species concept...
1. Is based on the ability to interbreed.
2. Is based on evolutionary relationships determined from DNA sequence data.
3. Is based on morphological similarity.
4. Both 1 and 2 are true.
5. Both 1 and 3 are true. |
|
Definition
| 1. Is based on the ability to interbreed. |
|
|
Term
You are studying two populations of butterfly. They look identical in their morphology, but they are
significantly different according to their DNA and they cannot interbreed. Are they two different species?
1. Yes, but only according to the Taxonomic Species Concept.
2. No, they are the same according to the Taxonomic and Phylogenetic Species Concepts.
3. Yes according to the Phylogenetic Concept, but not according to the Biological Concept.
4. Yes according to the Biological Concept, but not according to the Phylogenetic Concept.
5. Yes, according to both the Biological and Phylogenetic Species Concepts. |
|
Definition
| 5. Yes, according to both the Biological and Phylogenetic Species Concepts. |
|
|
Term
The Main Problem Early Plants Faced When they Left their Aquatic Habitat was....
1. Gravity
2. Lack of carbon dioxide
3. Herbivores
4. Lack of nutrients
5. Lack of water
6. Lack of sunlight |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Before life existed on this planet the atmosphere contained ...
1. Nitrogen, hydrogen, and water.
2. Ammonia, methane, hydrogen and water.
3. Amino acids, methane, and hydrogen.
4. Oxygen, amino acids and hydrogen.
5. Oxygen, nitrogen and methane. |
|
Definition
| 2. Ammonia, methane, hydrogen and water. |
|
|
Term
The primordial soup produced in experiments by Stanley Miller contained...
1. Microspheres.
2. Protocells.
3. RNA
4. Amino acids
5. Proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The advent of photosynthesis was an important step in the early evolution of life because...
1. The oxygen produced probably led to the demise of most organisms that were alive.
2. Oxygen produced made aerobic respiration possible.
3. Photosynthetic cells provided more “food” for the support of heterotrophic organisms.
4. All 1, 2, and 3 are true.
5. Only 1 and 2 are true.
6. Only 1 and 3 are true. |
|
Definition
| 4. All 1, 2, and 3 are true. |
|
|
Term
The mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells originated from ...
1. Endosymbiosis with prokaryotic cells.
2. Conjugation of prokaryotic cells.
3. Conjugation of eukaryotic cells.
4. They were absorbed from the primordial soup.
5. Mitosis. |
|
Definition
| 1. Endosymbiosis with prokaryotic cells. |
|
|
Term
Multicellularity was an important step in the early evolution of life because...
1. It allowed organisms to attain a larger size.
2. It allowed organisms to move around better.
3. It allowed organisms to become better predators.
4. It allowed organisms to invade new habitats.
5. All of the above are true. |
|
Definition
| 5. All of the above are true. |
|
|
Term
The Burgess Shale fossil fauna contains...
1. Only single-celled organisms.
2. Organisms from an alien planet.
3. Representatives of all major phyla that exist today.
4. Early dinosaurs.
5. Representatives of modern animals. |
|
Definition
| 3. Representatives of all major phyla that exist today. |
|
|
Term
Viruses....
1. Are considered to be living organisms because are capable of self-replication.
2. Require a host cell for reproduction.
3. Consist of only DNA or RNA, and a protein coat.
4. All 1, 2, and 3 are true.
5. Only 1 and 2 are true.
6. Only 2 and 3 are true. |
|
Definition
| 6. Only 2 and 3 are true. |
|
|
Term
Prions...
1. Are considered to be living organisms because they have their own DNA or RNA.
2. Consist only of protein.
3. Consist of only DNA or RNA, and a protein coat.
4. All 1, 2, and 3 are true.
5. Only 1 and 2 are true.
6. Only 1 and 3 are true. |
|
Definition
| 2. Consist only of protein. |
|
|
Term
The prokaryotes...
1. Have a single strand of circular DNA.
2. Do not have organelles.
3. Cannot survive in the presence of oxygen.
4. All 1, 2, and 3 are true.
5. Only 1 and 2 are true.
6. Only 2 and 3 are true. |
|
Definition
| 5. Only 1 and 2 are true. |
|
|
Term
The Archaea ...
1. Are more closely related to Eukaryotes than bacteria.
2. Often to live in more “extreme” environments than bacteria.
3. Represent a completely separate evolutionary group compared to bacteria.
4. Are prokaryotes.
5. All of the above are true. |
|
Definition
| 5. All of the above are true. |
|
|
Term
The Latin name for humans, Homo (as in Homo sapiens) is the:
1. Order
2. Class
3. Family
4. Genus
5. Specific epithet
18. Which of the following |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is a post-mating reproductive isolating mechanism?
1. Hybrid inviability.
2. Hybrid infertility.
3. Behavioral mate recognition.
4. Both 1 and 2 are true.
5. Both 2 and 3 are true. |
|
Definition
| 4. Both 1 and 2 are true. |
|
|
Term
Eukaryotic cells contain mitochondria. What is true of these organelles?
1. They contain DNA that is similar to modern bacteria.
2. They probably originated as symbiotic bacteria living inside of the first Eukaryotic cells.
3. They are the same as Midi-chlorians – the source of The Force and the power of Jedi Nights.
4. Both 1 and 2 are true.
5. Both 2 and 3 are true. |
|
Definition
| 4. Both 1 and 2 are true. |
|
|
Term
Most biodiversity on earth is represented by which major group?
1. Prokaryotes.
2. Insects.
3. Fungi.
4. Plants
5. Vertebrate animals. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Mules are hybrids between donkeys and horses. They are viable, but infertile. This is an example of….
1. Pre-mating reproductive isolation.
2. Geographic variation.
3. The morphological species concept.
4. Post-mating reproductive isolation.
5. Mechanical isolation. |
|
Definition
| 4. Post-mating reproductive isolation. |
|
|
Term
Allopatric speciation occurs when…..
1. A single species is divided into two or more geographically isolated groups.
2. Lack of gene flow leads to evolutionary divergence.
3. Isolation over extended periods eventually leads to reproductive isolation.
4. When two divergent groups encounter each other they are no longer able to interbreed.
5. All of the above. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is true of species in general….
1. All members of a species are always very similar.
2. Variation within species is very common.
3. Different species can almost never interbreed to form hybrids.
4. Many pairs of species are able to form fertile hybrids.
5. Both 2 and 4 are true. |
|
Definition
| 5. Both 2 and 4 are true. |
|
|
Term
Young adult acorn woodpeckers help raise the new nestlings . This is an example of…
1. Altruism.
2. Sexual selection.
3. Kin selection (inclusive fitness).
4. Assortative mating.
5. Dispersal |
|
Definition
| 3. Kin selection (inclusive fitness). |
|
|
Term
Many species in North America have distinct subspecies in different reigions. These are probably due to:
1. The French, Spanish, and English colonized different parts of America before the revolutionary war.
2. During glaciations of the Pleistocene species were divided into small groups for long periods of time.
3. Different states have selected different species to be their state animal.
4. Different types of animals have different dispersal abilities.
5. Global warming. |
|
Definition
| 2. During glaciations of the Pleistocene species were divided into small groups for long periods of time. |
|
|
Term
Alternation of generations refers to ...
1. Father and mother generations alternate
2. Gametophyte and gamete generations alternate
3. Zygote and sporophyte generations alternate
4. Separate diploid and haploid generations alternate
5. Male and female generations alternate |
|
Definition
| 4. Separate diploid and haploid generations alternate |
|
|
Term
Which of the following cell types are dead at maturity?
1. Cork, sclerenchyma, and xylem.
2. Epidermis, parenchyma, and phloem.
3. Cork, collenchyma, and xylem.
4. Epidermis and sclerenchyma.
5. Cork and phloem |
|
Definition
| 1. Cork, sclerenchyma, and xylem. |
|
|
Term
Seedless vascular plants include ...
1. Club mosses, horsetails, and ferns
2. Any fern of yours is a frond of mine!
3. Bryophytes and horsetails
4. Bryophytes and mosses
5. Ferns, bryophytes, and horsetails |
|
Definition
| 1. Club mosses, horsetails, and ferns |
|
|
Term
In the Basidiomycetes, meiosis occurs in....
1. The mycelium.
2. The hyphae.
3. The along the gills of the mushroom.
4. They are haploid so they only have mitosis.
5. Within the asci of the ascocarp. |
|
Definition
| 3. The along the gills of the mushroom. |
|
|
Term
Angiosperms and Gymnosperms differ from other Tracheophytes because ...
1. The gametophyte is independent of the sporophyte
2. They have vascular tissue
3. The sporophyte stage is parasitic on the gametophyte
4. There is no gametophyte stage
5. They have pollen and seeds |
|
Definition
| 5. They have pollen and seeds |
|
|
Term
Angiosperms differ from Gymnosperms ...
1. They have pollen
2. They have xylem and phloem
3. They have flowers
4. They have seeds
5. They always out-compete gymnosperms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The nearest relatives of the Fungi are the...
1. Plants.
2. Animals.
3. Slime molds.
4. Algae.
5. Protozoa. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What features do land plants have in common with the Charophyte green algae?.
1. Both have chloroplasts.
2. Both have cell walls made from cellulose.
3. Both have chlorophyll a and b.
4. Both use starch to store energy.
5. Both have apical growth.
6. All of the above are common to both. |
|
Definition
| 6. All of the above are common to both. |
|
|
Term
The ground tissue system includes ...
1. Sclerenchyma and periderm
2. Parenchyma and sclerenchyma
3. Collenchyma and epidermis
4. Xylem and phloem
5. Parenchyma and tracheids |
|
Definition
| 2. Parenchyma and sclerenchyma |
|
|
Term
Meristems represent regions of ...
1. Active cell division and differentiation
2. Are the same as lateral buds
3. Secondary growth
4. Regions of meiosis and cell differentiation
5. Stems that arose from lateral buds |
|
Definition
| 1. Active cell division and differentiation |
|
|
Term
The primary function of phloem is ...
1. Transport of water and mineral nutrients
2. Transport of water
3. Transport of mineral nutrients and sugars
4. Transport of sugars
5. Transport of materials from sinks to sources |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Secondary growth ...
1. Does not occur in roots
2. Represents the release of lateral buds from apical dominance
3. Is due to cell division at the apical meristem
4. Only occurs at the internodes
5. Is an increase in stem diameter by addition of woody tissue |
|
Definition
| 5. Is an increase in stem diameter by addition of woody tissue |
|
|
Term
Why was the development of vascular tissue and lignin and advantage for the earliest
Tracheophytes?
1. They allowed these plants to colonize new habitats.
2. They allowed these plants to compete more effectively for sunlight.
3. They allowed these plants to survive in habitats that were sometimes very dry.
4. All 1, 2, and 3 are true. |
|
Definition
| 4. All 1, 2, and 3 are true. |
|
|
Term
Symbiosis between a fungus and algae...
1. Is necessary the fungus to produce mushrooms.
2. Is called mycorrhizae.
3. Is called a lichen.
4. Is only possible in wet, humid areas.
5. Is called a mycelium. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The Dinoflagellates...
1. Have two whip-like flagella.
2. Are responsible for the Ared tide@ that kills large numbers of fish and make shellfish toxic.
3. Can be symbiotic with corals.
4. Photosynthesize.
5. All of the above are true. |
|
Definition
| 5. All of the above are true. |
|
|
Term
The Diatoms...
1. Have silica shells.
2. Have no flagellum and have chloroplasts .
3. Possess a single flagellum and chloroplasts
4. 1 and 2 are true.
5. 1 and 3 are true. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The Ciliates...
1. Use pseudopods to move around (Amoeba).
2. Have one flagellum (Giardia)
3. Do not have a means of locomotion (Malaria).
4. Are covered with numerous short cilia (Paramecium).
5. Possess a single flagellum and chloroplasts (Euglena). |
|
Definition
| 4. Are covered with numerous short cilia (Paramecium). |
|
|
Term
The Sarcodines...
1. Use pseudopods to move around (Amoeba).
2. Have one flagellum (Giardia).
3. Do not have a means of locomotion (Malaria).
4. Are covered with numerous short cilia (Paramecium).
5. Possess a single flagellum and chloroplasts (Euglena). |
|
Definition
| 1. Use pseudopods to move around (Amoeba). |
|
|
Term
The primary functions of roots are ...
1. Symbiosis with mycorrhizae and bacteria
2. Anchorage and absorption of water and nutrients
3. Anchorage and absorption of carbon dioxide
4. Anchorage and Fairbanks
5. Anchorage and the update of carbohydrates |
|
Definition
| 2. Anchorage and absorption of water and nutrients |
|
|
Term
Mycorrhizae are important because ...
1. They aid in the absorption of nutrients from the soil
2. They aid in the absorption of carbon dioxide
3. They connect multiple plants and animals in an underground network
4. They are symbiotic with plant stems
5. All of these answers are true |
|
Definition
| 1. They aid in the absorption of nutrients from the soil |
|
|
Term
What is common among all the Protista?
1. They are Eukaryotes.
2. They are not animals.
3. They are not plants.
4. They are not fungi.
5. They are not bacteria or Archaea.
6. All of the above. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In Angiosperm flowers, the ovule contains the ...
1. Microgametophyte.
2. Fruit.
3. Sepals.
4. Megagametophyte.
5. All of the above. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
You carve your initials in the trunk of a tree 4 ft off the ground. How high are they when you return
4 years later? (assume 1 ft growth per year)
(enter a number) - |
|
Definition
| still 4 feet off the ground |
|
|
Term
Union of two gametes to form a diploid cell is called ...
1. Meiosis
2. Mitosis
3. Respiration
4. Transpiration
5. Fertilization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A pollen grain could also be called ...
1. Microgametophyte
2. Sporophyte
3. Endosperm
4. Megagametophyte
5. Hay fever |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The majority of a fungus= body is in its...
1. Mycelium.
2. Mushroom.
3. Chitin
4. Mycorrhizae
5. Zygospore. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The seed develops from ...
1. The ovule
2. The stamen
3. The petals
4. The ovary
5. None of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The first product of cell division from the megaspore mother cell is/are ...
1. Microgametophyte
2. Four diploid cells, all of which develop into sporophytes
3. Four diploid cells, only one which develops into a sporophyte.
4. Four haploid cells, all of which develop into megagametophytes
5. Four haploid cells, only one which develops into a megagametophyte |
|
Definition
| 5. Four haploid cells, only one which develops into a megagametophyte |
|
|
Term
The microgametophyte in Angiosperms ...
1. Has three nuclei
2. Is parasitic on the sporophyte
3. Is contained within the ovule
4. Both 2 and 3 are correct.
5. Both 1 and 2 are correct. |
|
Definition
| 5. Both 1 and 2 are correct. |
|
|
Term
The megagametophyte in Angiosperms ...
1. Has three nuclei
2. Is parasitic on the sporophyte
3. Is contained within the ovule
4. Both 2 and 3 are correct.
5. Both 1 and 2 are correct. |
|
Definition
| 4. Both 2 and 3 are correct. |
|
|
Term
Double fertilization in Angiosperms ...
1. Produces a diploid zygote and a triploid endosperm
2. Results in two separate seeds
3. Only happens if the pollen has two nuclei
4. Produces a diploid megagametophyte
5. Produces a triploid zygote and a diploid endosperm |
|
Definition
| 1. Produces a diploid zygote and a triploid endosperm |
|
|
Term
The endosperm of a seed...
1. Is the same as the cotyledons
2. Is the nutritive tissue of the seed
3. Is a special diploid tissue that protects the embryo
4. Is the sperm that fertilizes the egg cell
5. None of the above. |
|
Definition
| 2. Is the nutritive tissue of the seed |
|
|
Term
“Buzz Pollination” refers to ...
1. Vibration of anthers by bees to collect pollen
2. All pollination by bees
3. Pollination only by female bees
4. Only happens when bees forage for nectar
5. Is a publication read by pollination biologists |
|
Definition
| 1. Vibration of anthers by bees to collect pollen |
|
|
Term
Why do you think fleshy fruits often change to bright colors when they are ripe?
1. The color attracts animals for seed dispersal.
2. Colors are more effective at absorbing heat from the sun for fruit development.
3. If the animals ate the green fruit the seeds would not be fully developed yet.
4. Both 1 and 2 are true.
5. Both 1 and 3 are true. |
|
Definition
| 5. Both 1 and 3 are true. |
|
|
Term
Pollen may be transferred among flowers by ...
1. Birds.
2. Bees.
3. Wind.
4. Butterflies.
5. All of the above. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
With the exception of apples and their relatives, the fleshy part of the fruit usually develops from ...
1. The ovary
2. The stamen
3. The petals
4. The ovule
5. None of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Hummingbird pollinated flowers ...
1. Are usually blue or yellow
2. Usually open at night
3. Are usually red and tubular
4. Do not have nectar or pollen
5. Sometimes smell like rotting meat |
|
Definition
| 3. Are usually red and tubular |
|
|
Term
Fruits adapted for bird dispersal ...
1. Are often bright red or blue
2. Are fleshy
3. Contain seeds that are resistant to digestion
4. Only 1 and 2 are true
5. All 1, 2, and 3 are true |
|
Definition
| 5. All 1, 2, and 3 are true |
|
|
Term
It is thought that Angiosperms were able to out-compete many Gymnosperms because ...
1. Their ovules were enclosed inside of carpels to protect them from herbivores.
2. They associated with animals for pollination
3. They associated with animals for seed dispersal
4. Only 2 and 3 are true
5. All 1, 2, and 3 are true |
|
Definition
| 5. All 1, 2, and 3 are true |
|
|
Term
Female yucca moths ...
1. Carry balls of pollen from one plant to the next
2. Do not eat nectar or pollen from yucca flowers
3. Place balls of pollen on the stigmas of yucca flowers
4. Lay eggs of larvae that eat most of the yucca seeds
5. All of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Copulation pollination refers to ...
1. Male wasps try to mate with orchid flowers
2. Intimate contact between the male and female structures of a flower
3. When insects use flowers as places to mate.
4. Vibration of the anthers by bees
5. Double fertilization. |
|
Definition
| 1. Male wasps try to mate with orchid flowers |
|
|
Term
Phenotypic plasticity refers to....
1. The precursors for the manufacture of plastics are derived from plants.
2. Plants consist of repeated units of the same sets of organs.
3. Plants are able to quickly move their leaves in response to touch stimuli.
4. The ability of one phenotype to display multiple genotypes in response to the environment.
5. The ability of one genotype to display multiple phenotypes in response to the environment. |
|
Definition
| 5. The ability of one genotype to display multiple phenotypes in response to the environment. |
|
|
Term
Plant hormones can be defined as ....
1. Substances that are produced once plants reach sexual maturity.
2. Substances that are produced by cells in one location and are transported to other locations where they have specific effects.
3. Substances that make plants grow faster.
4. Substances that make plants stronger.
5. Substances that are produced in "plant glands." |
|
Definition
| 2. Substances that are produced by cells in one location and are transported to other locations where they have specific effects. |
|
|
Term
Auxins can have the effect of ....
1. Inducing cells to elongate.
2. Inhibiting the growth of lateral buds.
3. Preventing the abscision of developing fruit.
4. Stimulating the branching of roots.
5. All of the above. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Plants are able to detect the presence of other plants that are shading them because...
1. Lower level of light causes the plant to grow faster.
2. The concentration of phytochrome pigments changes in response to the lower level of light.
3. The concentration of phytochrome pigments change in response to the change in wavelengths of light that is
filtered through the leaves of other plants.
4. The concentration of auxin changes allowing the stem to bend towards the light.
5. The concentration of gibberellins changes in allowing the stem to bend towards the light. |
|
Definition
3. The concentration of phytochrome pigments change in response to the change in wavelengths of light that is
filtered through the leaves of other plants. |
|
|
Term
Gravitropism refers to ....
1. Auxins cause the elongation of cells on one side of the stem in response to light.
2. Gibberellins cause the elongation of cells on one side of the stem in response to gravity.
3. Cytokinins are produced in the roots and inhibit the elongation of lateral buds on the stem.
4. Plants grown in space display random growth because of the lack of gravity.
5. Stems grow up and roots grow down. |
|
Definition
| 5. Stems grow up and roots grow down. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Deuterostome
bilateral symmetry
Endoskeleton |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Atypical
No symmetry
No tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Incomplete gastrulation
Radial symmetry
Medusa and polyps |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Protostome
Bilateral
Segmentation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Protostome
Bilateral
Exoskeleton |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Deuterostome
Radial
Endoskeleton - spiny knobs |
|
|
Term
Chordates are defined by what character?
1. Notochord.
2. Internal skeleton
3. Hair
4. Legs
5. Amniotic sac |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The closest relatives of birds would be
1. Mammals.
2. Amphibians
3. Crocodiles
4. Dinosaurs
5. None of the above. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Chordates have the traits
1. Deuterostomes.
2. Protostomes.
3. Bilateral symmetry.
4. Both 1 and 3 are true.
5. Only 2 and 3 are true. |
|
Definition
| 4. Both 1 and 3 are true. |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is true of the
Neanderthal?
1. They had a larger brain than humans.
2. They had a stronger brow ridge.
3. They arrived in Europe before human
ancestors did.
4. They matured more quickly.
5. They probably had some types of religious ceremonies or rituals.
6. All of the above. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The evidence that our ancestors interbred with
Neanderthals is…
1. Fossil skeletons that appear to be hybrids between
Neanderthals and Humans.
2. Neanderthal traits in modern human populations.
3. Genes that are shared between modern humans of
and Neanderthals.
4. Geographic differences in modern humans that are
associated with the historical distribution of
Neanderthals and other archaic hominids.
5. All of the above are true. |
|
Definition
| 5. All of the above are true. |
|
|
Term
Evolutionary trends in modern humans
include….
1. Smaller brain size than Neanderthals.
2. Decrease in brain size since early Hominids
3. Increase in the size of canine teeth.
4. Increase in the prominence of the brow ridge.
5. All of the above except 1 are true.
6. All of the above (1 – 4) are true. |
|
Definition
| 1. Smaller brain size than Neanderthals. |
|
|
Term
Strong sexual selection should result in:
1. Exaggerated male traits.
2. Exaggerated female traits.
3. Variable phenotypes.
4. Uniform phenotypes.
5. 1 and 3
6. 1 and 4
7. 2 and 3
8. 2 and 4 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The evolution of bipedalism in early
Hominids was probably favored by….
1. The forest habitat that they lived in.
2. The need to reach the branches of trees to
gather fruit.
3. The grassland habitat that they lived in.
4. The need to give each other a “high five” when they got a good kill.
5. None of the above are true. |
|
Definition
| 3. The grassland habitat that they lived in. |
|
|
Term
The primary factor that contributed to the loss
of hair in early humans was….
1. Reduced number of parasites.
2. More efficient cooling.
3. Sexual selection.
4. Only 1 and 2 are true.
5. All 1, 2, and 3 are true. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Changes in the skull morphology of modern
humans was probably driven by:
1. Change in diet.
2. Larger brain size.
3. More prominent nose.
4. Only 1 and 2 are correct.
5. All 1, 2, and 3 are correct. |
|
Definition
| 5. All 1, 2, and 3 are correct. |
|
|
Term
Large breast size in human females...
1. Were selected as nose size increased.
2. Is probably a consequence of selection to
assure reproductive success.
3. Is primarily due to sexual selection by males.
4. Both 1 and 2 are true.
5. Both 1 and 3 are true.
6. Both 2 and 3 are true.
7. All 1, 2, and 3 are true. |
|
Definition
| 1. Were selected as nose size increased. |
|
|
Term
Which of the following human traits could only be explained by sexual selection?
1. Large female breasts
2. Lack of body hair
3. Large penis
4. Increased fat deposits in females
5. Male facial hair
6. Large nose
7. Large brain
8. None of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -flexible rod shaped body found in embryos of all chordates |
|
|
Term
| What do Vertebrates have? |
|
Definition
-vertebral column of bone or cartilage
-internal skeleton
-paired skeleton |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-invertebrate chordate
-underwater sack-like filter feeder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-jawless fish
-notochord
-spinal chord that is not surrounded by cartilage
-limited cartilage skeleton |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-has a true spinal column
-usually a parasite
-jawless fish |
|
|
Term
| Describe a cartilaginous fish! |
|
Definition
-has two chambered heart
-respires through skin and gills
-includes skates, rays and sharks |
|
|
Term
| Describe Ray Finned Fish! |
|
Definition
-bony/calcified skeleton
-highest diversity of all vertebrates |
|
|
Term
| Describe lobbed-fin fishes! |
|
Definition
-bony fish
-fleshy lobe paired fins
-calcified skeleton |
|
|
Term
| What does an amphibian have? |
|
Definition
-lungs to breath
-reliant on water for reproduction
-3 chamber heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-includes lizards, snakes, turtles and alligators
-internal fertilization
-amniote egg
-3 chamber heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
where the embryo develops within a protective, fluid filled sack
it allowed reptiles to complete their life cycle on land |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-derived from dinosaurs
-shelled white eggs
-has scales
-warm blooded
-4 chamber heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-warm blooded
-mammary glands
-embryo development ( except with marsupials) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
later development is external
most have pouches |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-longer development in the uterus
-has a placenta |
|
|
Term
| What does homeothemic mean? |
|
Definition
warmblooded
-birds
-mammals |
|
|
Term
| What is a vertebral column? |
|
Definition
| bone or cartilage covering in chordates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-internal skeleton
-chordates have these |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| species that are more closely related to modern humans than to chimps |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any member of the family Hominidae |
|
|
Term
| Describe the Out of Arica Hypothesis! |
|
Definition
-populations of Homo erectus gave rise to the Homo sapiens
-all Homo sapiens descended from the wave of african emigrants that replaces the existing populations
-this theory is the most likely of the 3 |
|
|
Term
| what does the Multiregional convergent evolution hypothesis say? |
|
Definition
-single wave of expansion by homoerectus from Africa to parts of Asia and europe, followed by evolution to modern H. spaiens
-gene flow occured between these pops
-some fossil evidence supports this theory |
|
|
Term
| What does the multiregional hybridization hypothesis say? |
|
Definition
-early migration of archaic hominids to europe, asia and other regions
-second migration of H. sapiens ancestors out of africa resulted in hybridization and exchange of some genomic elements from archaic hominids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-present throughout Europe up until 30,000ybp
-pleistocene era
-developed faster than humans
-had culture |
|
|
Term
| how did Neanderthals exhibit cultural evolution? |
|
Definition
-transmission of learned behaviors between generations
-became important for success of human ancestors |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between a neanderthal skull and a humans? |
|
Definition
-more prominent brow ridge
-larger brain
-occipital bun |
|
|
Term
| How do neanderthals differ from cromagnons? |
|
Definition
culture
-music
-art
-Religion
-language |
|
|
Term
| How is hybridization proven? |
|
Definition
| because 4% of the genome is shared |
|
|
Term
| Hypothesis for why humans are bipedal? |
|
Definition
-being omnivores
-aboreal food gathering
-predator avoidance
-monogamy
-helps with cooling |
|
|
Term
| Hypothesis for why humans lost hair? |
|
Definition
1- aquatic ape theory
2- parasite load
*3*- cooling efficency - associated with sweat glands |
|
|
Term
| Hypothesis for human hair distribution? |
|
Definition
pubic = sexual selection and corresponds to the location of apocrine glands
head = sexual selection, maybe initally favored by natural selection
facial = in males, varies among races, more common in cold climates, sexual dimorphism and sexual selection |
|
|
Term
| Hypothesis for why humans have sexual dimorphism? - body size- |
|
Definition
-smaller body size difference in humans compared to our ancestors
-associates with monogamy |
|
|
Term
| Hypothesis for human skin pigmentation? |
|
Definition
-lost in norther latitudes
-protection from sun
-lost because of clothing and need to increase vitamin D exposure |
|
|
Term
| Hypothesis for why human facial features are what they are today?? |
|
Definition
-canine teeth cmaller
-face more verticle
-nose more prominent
-smaller jaw
-loss of cranial ridges
bc: of new diets, tools and cooking methods, prominent nose bc need to increase surface area to filer air bc of dusty environment |
|
|
Term
| Hypothesis for why humans have big breasts? |
|
Definition
vary in selection regimes
-male mate choice
-food avaiabilies
-predator avoidance -smaller- |
|
|
Term
| Hypothesis for why a human's penis is the size it is? |
|
Definition
-bigger than chimps/gorillas
-lacks baculum
-possible female choice
-matching vagina size bc it increases as the size of our skull increases |
|
|
Term
| What is cryptic ovulation? |
|
Definition
humans do not have physical changes that advertise ovulation
-helps with monogamy |
|
|
Term
| describe Common Chimpanzee mating behavior! |
|
Definition
-sluts
-polygamy
-has physical signs to show when in estrus |
|
|
Term
| describe Bonobos mating behavior |
|
Definition
male on male
female on female
sex is social
polygamy |
|
|
