Term
|
Definition
- Most mutations are neutral, if mutations occur at a constant rate they can be used to measure evolutionary change time
- Longer periods of time; divergence allows for greater accumulation of mutations
- Not perfectly linear bc not all organisms evolve over the same rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - Any process in which an organism incorporates genetic material from another organism without being the offpring of that organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - Changes in groups due to descent from a common ancestor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Preserved remains of past life on earth
- Palaeontologists study them
- Most rocks are sedimentary; sediment piled up and became rock
- First known: 3.5 BYA |
|
|
Term
| Dating Fossils: Relative Dating |
|
Definition
- Place fossils in relative sequences based on the layer in which they appear
- Older rocks are deeper |
|
|
Term
| Dating Fossils: Absolute Dating |
|
Definition
- Use elemental isotypes in accompanying rock
- Use half-life and amount of remaining isotope to determine it's age |
|
|
Term
History of Life on Earth
- Geological Time Scale |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
History of Life on Earth
- 4 Eons |
|
Definition
1. Hadean: Molten rocks (H2Ovap, no liquid)
2. Archean: Ancient rocks
3. Proterozoic: Early life
4. Phanerozoic: Visible life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
5 Mass extinctions; 6th is human activity affect on earth in present
- boundaries between geological time periods are often based on these events |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Microbrial life 1st evolved in primordial oceans
All life forms were prokaryotic and anaerobic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Layered structure of calcium carbonate (CaCO)2
Formed by cyanobacteria growing in mats on the shoreline |
|
|
Term
| Key points in History of Life: Archean |
|
Definition
Origin of life: ~3.8 BYA
microfossils of prokaryotes; stromatolite mats, heavy meteorite activity
temperature cools, organic molecules appear and persist |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Eukaryotes evolve in early Proterozoic (2-2.5bya)
- membrane bound organelles, multiple chromosomes, nuclear envelope
Multicellular eukaryotes rise 1.5 bya
- leads to specialized reproductive cells, diploidy and sexual reproduction
Multicellular animals emerge toward the end of the eon |
|
|
Term
| Symbiotic Origin of Eukaryotic Genome |
|
Definition
2 organisms living in direct contact
- Archaeon and bacterium in one eukaryotic cell |
|
|
Term
| Endosymbiotic Origin of the Eukaryotic Genome |
|
Definition
2 organisms, one living inside the other
- smaller bacterium becomes part of the archaeon genome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proliferation of multicellular eukaryotic life extensive (543 may-today) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Abrupt increase in diversity of animal species; cause unknown |
|
|
Term
| Phanerozoic Eon; Ordovician Period |
|
Definition
| Primitive land plants and arthropods first invade land |
|
|
Term
| Phanerozoic Eon, Silurian Period |
|
Definition
Large colonization by terrestrial plants and animals
- spiders and centipedes
- earliest vascular plants |
|
|
Term
| Phanerozoic Eon, Devonian Period |
|
Definition
Ferns, horsetails and seed plants emerge
age of fishes and tetrapods (amphibians emerge) |
|
|
Term
| Phanerozoic Eon, Carboniferous Period |
|
Definition
Rich coal deposits formed
First flying insects, amphibians, reptiles |
|
|
Term
| Phanerozoic Eon, Permian period |
|
Definition
Forest shifts to gymnosperms
First mammal-life reptiles appeared
At the end, largest known mass extinction event |
|
|
Term
| Phanerozoic Eon, Mesozoic Era |
|
Definition
Permian extinction: marks boundary between Palaeozoic era and mesozoic eras
Age of dinosaurs |
|
|
Term
| Phanerzoic Era,Mesozoic Era, Triassic Period |
|
Definition
Gymnosperms dominant land plant
First dinosaur; first true mammals |
|
|
Term
| Phanerozoic eon, Mesozoic era, jurrasic period |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phanerozoic eon, Mesozoic era, jurrasic period |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phanerozoic Eon, Mesozoic Era, Cretaceous Period |
|
Definition
Earliest flowering plants, angiosperms
mass extinction at the end; many dinosaurs and other species died out |
|
|
Term
| Phanerozoic Eon, Cenozoic Era, Tertiary Period |
|
Definition
Angiosperms became dominant land plant
Mammals that survived mass extinction expanded rapidly
A lot of diversification of birds
Hominids appeared about 6MYA in africa |
|
|
Term
| Phanerozoic Eon, Cenozoic Era, Quartenary Period |
|
Definition
| Periodic Ice ages in Europe and North America |
|
|
Term
| Phanerozoic Eon, Cenozoic Era, Quartenary Period |
|
Definition
| Periodic Ice ages in Europe and North America |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| endosymbiosis and formation of mitochondria, sexual reproduction, multicellularity,complex membranes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Homo= human
sapiens= thinking |
|
|
Term
| Simplified Lineage of Human Taxonomy |
|
Definition
Kingdom Metazoa
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Vertebrata
Class Mammalia
Order Primates
Family Hominidae
Genus Homo
Species Sapiens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Their DNA is very similar to humans
>95% similar for gorilla and chimps
all highly intelligent; use tools
Divergence from chimps ~6 MYA |
|
|
Term
| Australopithecus Afarensis |
|
Definition
Early robust bipedal ancestor of human lineage
~3-4 MYA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"Handy man"
Bipedal, 3-4 feet tall, larger brain than most apes
Fashioned tools
Omnivorous but ate more meat than australopithecine's
Mix of ancestral and modern characters- probably had less body hair than chimps |
|
|
Term
| Sudden Brain Increase in Ancestors |
|
Definition
Prior to H. habilis, brain size remained static for millions of years
a period of violent climate swings, vegetation changed from grassland to forest and back again several times over a 200 000 year period
a larger brain may have been rqd to adapt to rapid changes |
|
|
Term
| How early humans hunted animals |
|
Definition
persistence hunting: the hunting method still used by some modern humans
due to lack of body hair and presence of sweat glands for thermoregulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fossils discovered as far away as indonesia from africa
hunter-gatherers with larger brains
coordinated hunters
body hair reduced and sweat glands increased
fire/ cooking
smaller skull, teeth, surface area for jaw attachment than hibilus |
|
|
Term
| Benefits of Cooked food ( erectus cooked their food) |
|
Definition
- safer food/ reduces spoilage
significant increase in energy extracted from food
facilitates further increase in brain size |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"Hobbit people of flores
1 m tall
used stone tools, fire, complex hunting skills |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
European hunter- gatherers
DNA sequences suggests no or limited interbreeding with modern humans
more elaborate tools and weapons than erectus, may have had a form of religion
lived 300000-30000 years ago |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Originated in rift valley ~200 000 yrs ago
culturally advanced; more refined tools, burial more advanced, larger brains
probably drove neanderthals extinct ~30000 yrs ago |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
example of Mosaic evolution
grasping hands- apes
bipedalism- australopithecus
reduced hair- erectus
dentition, digestive tracts
advanced speech- sapiens
brain size (facilitated by diest and shift in energy from digestive tract to brain ie. cooking food allowed natural selection to favor smaller digestive tracts and shift energy resources to making larger brains |
|
|
Term
| Human: Intra-specific variation |
|
Definition
adaptation to local environments
Body size and shape: ears and limbs shorter and smaller, bodies leaner and thinner in warmer climates, stockier in colder
skin color: melanin, UV light |
|
|
Term
| Modern definition of evolution |
|
Definition
| a change in allele frequencies in a population over time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The study of genes and genotypes in a population
- the extent of genetic variation, why it exists and how its maintained- how it changes over time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a heritable change in genetic material
new mutations are more harmful than beneficial |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Alters the DNA sequence
2 basic alterations:
- base change
- addition or subtraction of nucleotides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Single base pair is affected in a DNA sequence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A large scale evolutionary process that results in a new species
- depends on separation time for 2 populations
short time:small change
long time: large change |
|
|
Term
| Theory of Natural Selection |
|
Definition
Main proces by which species change and evolve.
- IF there us variation in a population and IF some of that variation is heritable, THAN there will be a struggle for existence
- because of the struggle competitors who are better at competing will survive and reproduce- their traits will show more over time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Genus: capitalized
Species: non capitalized, italicized |
|
|
Term
| Long Time scale Evolutionary Evidence: Biogeography |
|
Definition
Study of geographical distribution of extinct and modern species
Isolated continents and islands have endemic species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 different species from different lineages show similar characteristics because of a common environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Programs to modify the traits of a domesticated species- made possible by genetic variation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Genes derived from the same ancestral gene
- 2 gene sequences may be similar due to the same ancestral gene but not identical because of the accumulation of different random mutations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Include the use of living organisms as products from living organisms as a way to BENEFIT HUMANS
- molecular genetic techniques to benefit humans
- Swanson and Boyer: first human gene into a bacterium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Add 5 things to test tubes, see which affects gene of interest
1. many copies of target DNA
2. Primers
3. DNA polymerase
4. many copies of radiolabelled 4 ddNTPs'
5. few copies of one of the 4 ddNTPs' |
|
|
Term
| Proteins 4 level of structure |
|
Definition
Primary: sequence within chain
Secondary: Hbonds between side groups
Tertiary
Quarteniary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Detects specific proteins
Probes with antibodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Detects pattern of gene expression
- uses radiolabelled probes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Units of heredity (universal) |
|
|
Term
| Gene as a process of functional product |
|
Definition
| Organized unit of DNA sequence that enables a segment of DNA to be transcribed in RNA- which results in a formation of a functional product |
|
|
Term
| Functional Products (of genes) |
|
Definition
Non structural genes
enzymes and other proteins, tRNA, mRNA
structural genes (90% of all genes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Initiation: pi bonds, polymerase unwinds
Elongation: in "transcription bubble" (open complex)
Termination: occurs when RNA reaches terminator sequence
* in eukaryotes, RNA requires post transcriptional processing before leaving nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Set of 3 bases in an organized unpunctuated fashion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
any nucleotide sequence within a gene that is removed by RNA splicing
- much of human genome is made up of these |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any nucleotide that remains present while introns are spliced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Process by which introns are removed from pre- mRNA and exons are spliced together to form a mature RNA
-requires spliceosome complex and small RNA proteins (snRP's
- function: migration from nucleus, protection and translation
* critical for creating protein variants |
|
|
Term
| Organization of Bacterial RNA |
|
Definition
5' ribosomal binding site; start codon AUG
1 of 3 stop codons: UUA, UGA, UAG
DNA sequence is transcribed to mRNA
codons in mRNA complement anticodons in tRNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Common features:
cloverleaf structures
anticodons
acceptor stem for AA binding
- different molecules encoded by different genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Prokaryotes have 1 kind
Eukaryotes have distinct ones in different cellular compartments
p site: peptidyl
a site: aminoacyl
e site: exit site
* all sites for tRNA binding |
|
|
Term
| Stages of Translation: Initiation |
|
Definition
| mRNA and tRNA and ribosomal subunits assemble, and require the help of energy and ribosomal initiation |
|
|
Term
| Stages of Translation: Elongation |
|
Definition
1. Aminoacyl tRNA brings next amino acid to A site. Peptidyl brought to P site; anticodon and codon binding
2. a peptide bond forms to extend growing chain
- RNA catalyzes peptide bond formation
3. Translocation of ribosome; moves 1 codon down
- shifts tRNA from P to E and E to P |
|
|
Term
| Stages of Translation: Termination |
|
Definition
| Stop codon is placed in Exit site |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a mixture of DNA from 2 different organisms which can be used to make hybrids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Process by which many copies of a "gene of interest" are made
- allows researchers to study gene directly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mRNA: transcribed from DNA; directs order of AAs during translation
tRNA: transports AA's for polypeptide assembly
rRNA: provides site where polypeptides are assembled |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
DNA
(transcription)
RNA
(mRNA)
Protein/ Polypeptide
(translation) |
|
|
Term
| DNA replication in the telomere |
|
Definition
Requires enzyme telomerase; composed of protein and RNA
- RNA portion is complementary to repeat sequence in 3' overhang
W/O enzyme, chromosomes of eukaryotes become progressively shorter with each replication
- always found in high levels in germ cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Always works 5'---> 3'
Cleaves off 2 terminal phosphates from each
deoxynucleoside triphosphate
- energy is released to form phosphodiester bonds
cannot bind with out an RNA primer
solved by telomerase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1st nucleotide to match up with exposed bases in daughter strand |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| replicates in a continuous 5' --> 3' direction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Replicates in 3' --> 5' direction in small fragments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
stretches of 2-3 hundred nucleotides that are synthesized 5' --> 3' away from replication fork
- stitched together with ligase
- discontinuous/ lagging |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A section of DNA rich in A and T |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 Areas where H-bonds are going to be broken next on the R side of the replication bubble |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Where 2 DNA strands come apart at origin of replication |
|
|
Term
| Bidirectional replication |
|
Definition
replication goes in both directions from a replication bubble on the forks
- eukaryotes have multiple origins of replication
- prokaryotes have 1 |
|
|
Term
| Mechanisms of Reproduction: Semi conservative |
|
Definition
| 2 Hetero and 2 Homo offspring from parent strand |
|
|
Term
| Mechanisms of Reproduction: Conservative |
|
Definition
| 4 Homo daughter strands; 3 blue 1 red vice versa |
|
|
Term
| Mechanisms of Reproduction: Dispersive |
|
Definition
| 4 complete hetero daughter strands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*DNA is genetic material*
all strands have -PO4 at 5' end and Hydroxyl group at 3' end
* written 5' --> 3' |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A genetic change in a bacterial cell brought about by the uptake of genetic material from the environment
- studied by Fredrick Griffith in his studies with a pathogen |
|
|
Term
| 4 Criteria for Genetic Material |
|
Definition
- Information
- Transmission
- Replication
- Variation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The procedure researchers use to answer question
** an iterative process that, if successful, leads to a theory**
- we can falsify a hypothesis but cannot prove it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How Nucleus was found to hold instructions for the cell |
|
Definition
Took 2 types of mermaids win glass and splices eachothers middles onto eachother ( nucleus is found in base)
When allowed to regrow, and base and top were same and middle remained different
nucleus contains proteins, DNA, RNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cut DNA at specific places, target palindromic DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
DNA that reads the same forwards and backwards (complementary to parent strand)
eg. G A A T T C = parent
C T T A A C = complementary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Location where a specific DNA molecule is recognized by a restriction enzyme |
|
|
Term
| Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO's) |
|
Definition
Organism that carries genes introduced by genetic molecular techniques
- transgenic organisms eg. Rats
- gene replacement vs addition
- can be used to create "knock out mice" (engineer a similar sequence but mess it up slightly in order to test a hypothesis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
DNA as a pharmaceutical agent to treat disease
- most common: replace mutated gene with a functional gene
*Desired DNA is packaged within a vector, which is used to get inside DNA cells, once inside it becomes expressed by the cell machinery, treating the disease* |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Farm animals to make pharmaceuticals
- can be used to make human hormones or other desired gene product
- a transgenic animal can be designed to produce the desired gene in their milk for easy harvest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Whole genome of animal is cloned
- somatic cells as a source for DNA , but insert germ cells which give rise to embryos genetically identical to donor of somatic cells
- egg from sheep + donor sheeps' mammary cell= put into donor sheep= baby of exact same genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Can be used to select a gene of interest
* uses gene probes (single stranded nucleic acids that are complementary to gene of interest and are usually labelled radioactively) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Method of making copies of DNA strands
- Taq polymerase
- nucleoside triphosphate
- buffers and chemicals
1. Denaturation: heated to 90 deg
2. Annealing: lowered to 50 or 65 deg
3. Extension: increased to 70 deg and then to 80 deg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
uses reverse transcriptase
Has an extra prep step PCR doesn't
- reverses normal transcription process and takes RNA and synthesizes a DNA from its template (cDNA)
- mRNA> DNA> mRNA> cDNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Detects specific genes within a sequence
- uses gel electrophoresis and DNA probes
- can be used to detect gene families |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mix DNA's from B galactosidase gene and B globin gene
- let sticky ends base pair
- add DNA ligase to covalently link a piece of chromosomal DNA to the plasmid
- mix e.coli plate cells over night and see which ones are white or blue
white: hybrid
blue: no insert
technique that researchers use in the cloning process to determine whether or not a vector contains recombinant DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
An enzyme (protein) that separates the complementary DNA strands in the process of DNA replication exposing the bases of the two strands.
one at each replication fork in DNA strand |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Flattens out before DNA helix comes to prevent it from knotting and interfering with separation of 2 parental strands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Responsible for joining okazaki fragments in lagging strand |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sequence of bases at the start of a gene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sequence of bases at the end of a gene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Deliver DNA to carrier (plasmids) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Extra chromosomal bits of DNA that can be transferred in transformation |
|
|
Term
| Morphological Species Concept |
|
Definition
A group of organisms that maintains a distinctive set of attributes in nature
Species categorized by physical characteristics
- anatomy and external morphology
- cellular traits
- molecular traits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Study and classification of species based on evolutionary relationships
- discriminates among possible phylogenic trees and chooses least complex tree
- compares homologous traits that exist in 2 or more character states |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Similarities in various species that occur because they are derived from the same ancestor
- human aren, cat front leg, bat wing |
|
|
Term
| Growth Rate influential Genes |
|
Definition
| Genetic variation can influence morphology by controlling relative growth rates of different parts of the body during development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
evolutionary changes in the rate and timing of developmental events
eg. human skull vs. chimpanzee growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
evolutionary changes in the rate and timing of developmental events
eg. human skull vs. chimpanzee growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When members of a species become geographically separated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Members of a species are within the same range diverge into 2 or more different species even though there are no physical barriers (common in plants) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Science of describing, naming and classifying living and extinct organisms and virus'
3 domains: Bacteria, Archea, Eukarya |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Study of biological diversity and evolutionary relationships among organisms, extinct and modern |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Gene flow occurs when individuals migrate between populations having different allele frequencies
- reduces differences in allele freq's and enhances genetic diversity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Individuals choose mate regardless of pheno or geno type
- Assortative: similar phenotypes most likely to mate
- Disassortative: dissimilar phenotypes more likely to mate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
master developmental genes that produce HOX proteins- transcription factors that turn on/off other genes
-found in all animals
- the more genes, the more complex the body structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Shared ancestral character by 2 or more taxa from ancestors OLDER than last common ancestor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Shared derived character by 2 or more taxa from its last common ancestor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Single species evolves into a different species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A species diverges into 2 or more species |
|
|
Term
| Directional Natural Selection |
|
Definition
| Extreme phenotypic ranges have more reproductive success in a particular environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Survival of individuals with intermediate phenotypes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Survival of 2 or more genotypes that produce different phenotypes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Maintains genetic diversity by balanced polymorphism: 2 or more alleles kept in balance and maintained in a population for many generations
- heterozygote advantage
- negative frequency dependent selection (rare species have higher fitness) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
compares developmental cycles of different organisms to understand ancestral relationships and the developmental mechanisms that bring about evolutionary change
- involves discovery of genes that control development |
|
|
Term
| Ecological Species Concept |
|
Definition
Each species occupies an ecological Niche, as well as its influence on the environment and other species
- can be used to distinguish species
- bacterial species defined by this |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Abnormalities in biological processes
- 1 mutation in 1 million genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Environmental agents (physical and chemical) induce mutations |
|
|
Term
| Post-Zygotic Mechanisms/ Barriers |
|
Definition
Factors that kick in after fertilization
- hybrid doesn't survive
- hybrid survives but is sterile
- hybrid fetus survives briefly
inviability: cannot progress past embryo
sterility: sterile
breakdown: genetic abnormalities in subsequent generations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Heritable change in more than 1 characteristic of a population or species from one generation to the next |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Heritable change in more than 1 characteristic of a population or species from one generation to the next |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small scale evolution with a change to 1 gene |
|
|
Term
| Allele frequency equation |
|
Definition
= #copies of specific alle/ # total allele for that gene
eg. Rr + 2(rr)/ 2(RR)+(2(Rr)+(2(rr)= 0.3 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Prevents species from interbreeding successfully with any other species
-doesn't pertain to A-sexuals
- spp can breed but don't
- cant apply to extinct organisms
- difficult to determine in nature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Key genes that may influence:
cell differentiation
cell migration
cell death
cell division
- interplay produces an organism with a specific body type |
|
|
Term
| Neutral Theory of Evolution |
|
Definition
Due to genetic drift and has no preferential selection for a particular allele
- most genetic variation is due to genetic drift (neutral mutations that have attained high frequencies) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Determines if an agent is a mutagen or not.
- uses salmonella typherium that cannot synthesize histodine
-if a large amount of bacteria grows there is a mutagen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Requirements for Hardy Weinberg equilibrium |
|
Definition
- no migration
- no mutation
- random mating
- large population size
- no natural selection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Same set of bones/ limbs that have gone through evolutionary change |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| species that differ as adults but have similar embryonic stages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gene evolution that involves changes in DNA sequences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
organism that has 2 or more sets of chromosomes
- can occur through non-disjunction (one gamete gets both sets of chromosomes in meiosis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Contains chromosomes from 1 species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chromosomes from 2 or more species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A base change that doesn't affect the AA sequence
- genetic code is degenerate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a base change which changes in 1 amino acid in a polypeptide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a base change to a stop codon from a normal codon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an addition or removal of a nucleotide resulting in codons which are not mulitples of 3 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
first systematic studies focused on morphological features of extinct and modern species
- must use homologous traits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Traits arise independently due to similar environments
- can cause problems in morphological analysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| analysis of genetic data such as DNA and AAs to identify and study genetic homologies and propose phylogenic trees |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mechanisms that occur prior to formation of fertilized egg/sperm
geographic: spacial differences/ environmental problems
ecological
temporal: reproduce at diff times of year
behavioral: changes in song/ dance
mechanical: incompatible genitalia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1: Reduce gene flow between 2 populations
2. Divergence of populations (genetic drift/ random selection)
3. reinforcement of reproductive isolation (pre/post zygotic mechanisms) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Changes in allele frequencies due to random chance
- random events unrelated to fitness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Population is reduced then rebuilds
- the new population has less genetic variation |
|
|
Term
| Founders effect: genetic drift |
|
Definition
| small group of organisms separates from large populations and establishes a new colony |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Traits of sexually reproducing species that make it more likely for them to choose their mate/ engage in successful mating |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Same sex interaction; males fight for a female |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
opposite sex; female choice (showy males)
- cryptic choice: pollen incompatibility in plants |
|
|
Term
| Genotype frequency equation |
|
Definition
# individuals w. genotype in population/ total individuals in pop.
eg. 49 RR , 42 Rr 9 rr
9/ 49+42+9 = 0.09 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The likelihood of an individual contributing viable and fertile offspring to a new generation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A relative measure of reproductive success |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enzyme removes a modification to genome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
all eukaryotes and prokaryotes have this
- region encompassing damaged strand is removed from DNA, undamaged strand is used as template for new re-synthesis
Uvr A, B, C, D |
|
|
Term
| Methyl Mismatched DNA repair |
|
Definition
Detects and repairs base pairing
- recognized correct sequences and uses it as a template to repair damaged strand
- E. coli, MutS, MutL, MutH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Group of related organisms that share a distinct form
- members of the same spp are capable of interbreeding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Members of the same species that are likely to encounter each other and have the opportunity to breed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
High energy radiations that can penetrate through biological materials deeply
- Xrays and gamma rays cause DNA breaks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Low energy radiation that penetrates through the surface
- UV rays |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
covalent link between 2 thiamine
- prevents base pairing during replication
- incorrect bases happen and or gaps in bases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cells that give rise to gametes
- a full body mutation happens if germ line cells are affected |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
All other cells in your body other than germ line
- patch mutations happen if somatic cells are affected |
|
|
Term
| Biological Species Concept |
|
Definition
| A species is a group of individuals whose members have the potential to interbreed and to produce viable offspring but cannot mate with other species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Each new species evolves continuously over a long time span
- large phenotypic differences that produce new species are due to the accumulation of genetic changes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
species that are in equilibrium for long periods and then short rapid bursts of changes
- more sporadic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group of species of the most recent common ancestor and all of its descendants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Group contains a common ancestor but not all of its descendants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Contains species that do not share their most recent common ancestor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A protein that binds to both RNA polymerase and the promoter for a gene. It allows RNA polymerase to recognize where a gene starts and so is involved in the initiation phase of transcription |
|
|
