Term
| response of an organism to a stimulus; may be genetic or environmentally determined |
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Definition
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Term
| study of how behaviors affect survival and reproduction |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| day length affects normal release of the pituitary; robin flies south in fall; Explanation of an animal's behavior based on trigger stimuli and internal mechanisms |
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Definition
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Term
| how does behavior affect reproductive success - flies south to stay warm; Explanation of an animal's behavior based on evolution. Requires that behavioral traits, like physical ones, are genetically heritable, and then explains behavior using an explanation of why this specific behavioral trait was favored by evolutionary mechanisms such as natural selection. |
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Definition
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Term
| experiment for genetically determined behaviors |
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Definition
- in honeybees
- study done by W.C. Rothenbuhler in 1964
- two groups of bees: hygienic (detect and remove diseased larvae from the nest - uncap wax cells and discard dead larvae) and nonhygienic (don't do this)
- one gene (u) for uncapping and another (r) for larval removal
- double recessive - hygienic
- double dominant - nonhygienic
- hybrids - nonhygienic
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Term
| genetically determined behaviors that are turned on by a stimulus and go to completion |
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Definition
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Term
| in many cases animals can ___(1)___ their behaviors - there can be ___(2)___ involved |
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Definition
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Term
| a type of learning that involves an association between a stimulus and a response |
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Definition
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Term
| types of associate learning |
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Definition
- classical conditioning
- operant conditioning
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| learning that occurs during certain critical periods |
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Definition
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Term
| movement that is nondirectional in response to a stimulus; pill bug |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| moves slow in moist areas and moves fast in dry areas |
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Term
| directional movement in response to a stimulus; moth, sea turtles |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| hatchlings move towards light which moves them towards the ocean |
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Term
| animals can use ___(1)___ and ___(2)___ in movement |
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Definition
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Term
| study of digger wasps by Tim Bergen |
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Definition
- use landmarks such as pine cones to find their nest
- sight not smell
- genetic component and a learning component
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Term
| long distance movement; in birds, wildebeasts, whales, monarch butterflies; can happen over several generations; strong genetic component |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- piloting
- orientation
- navigation
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Term
| in whales and dolphins; moving from landmark to landmark |
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Definition
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Term
| you follow some sort of compass reading, know what direction to go |
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Definition
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Term
| orientation, but adjustments; one example is an imprint of star patterns or the angle of the sun; can use magnetism |
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Definition
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Term
| young are shown to use ___(1)___ but as adults use ___(2)___ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| if there were 20 females for every one male, male would be very successful in leaving his genes in next generation - fertilizes all 20 - 20 families and each female has 1 family -> selection pressure for male individuals -> when males are more apparent then die out -> need 50:50 ratio |
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Term
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Definition
- monogamy
- polygamy
- polygyny
- polyandry
- sexual selections - intersexual and intrasexual
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Term
| one individual mates with one mate per breeding system |
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Definition
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Term
| one individual mates with more that one mate per bredding season |
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Definition
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Term
| male mates with many females, male doesn't provide any parental care |
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Definition
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Term
| female mates with several males, not common but male takes over parental duty |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| female has a territory - male comes and impregnates -> she lays eggs -> he broods eggs and she finds other males to mate with |
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Term
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Definition
| usually female chooses male - based on nuptual gifts, male display (courtship), physical fitness, potential parent skills |
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Term
| males gives female something to eat in return for sex |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| members of one sex compete with each other for mates; apparent in elephant seals and humans |
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Term
| any materials taken in by the body for growth, maintenance, and repair |
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Definition
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Term
| chemical breakdown of foods to smaller forms which maybe absorbed into the body |
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Definition
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Term
| passage of nutrients from GI tract in the body (blood) |
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Definition
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Term
| what do you obtain from nutrients? |
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Definition
- energy for ATP
- some nutrients used as building blocks
- vitamins and minerals are used as coenzymes and cofactors in the body - help enzymes
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Term
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Definition
- carbohydrates
- lipids
- proteins
- vitamins
- minerals
- water
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Term
| sugars or starches used for energy |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
- fats
- water insoluble nutrients
- main type - triglyceride
- hormones
- plasma membrane
- eicosonoids
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Term
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Definition
- long chains of amino acids
- energy - rather not, used for building blocks of enzymes for daily functions
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Term
| small signalling molecules, in inflamatory response |
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Definition
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Term
| redness and swelling, temperature control, aspirin interferes with this |
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Definition
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Term
| nutrients that can't be made in effective amounts by the body, have to be obtained by diet; 8 amino acids |
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Definition
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Term
| has the ability to dissolve in fat |
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Definition
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Term
| has the ability to dissolve in water |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| animals that eat both plants and animals |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- anemonies just catch food as it goes by
- filter feeding - clams and whales - filter food from water
- carnivore - predators and scavengers
- herbivore - grazers, ruminants, frugivores
- omnivore - both plants and animals
- fluid feeders - parasites, nectar eating birds
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Term
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Definition
| cell will engulf materials into a vacuole and then digestive enzymes will digest the food |
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Term
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Definition
| cells will release digestive enzymes and digest food and then will absorb digestive materials - usually done in a digestive tract |
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Term
| digestive system with one opeing |
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Definition
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Term
| digestive system with two openings |
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Definition
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Term
| digestive system in vertebrates |
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Definition
- gastrointestinal tract - GI tract
- tube called alimentary canal and various accessory organs - salivary glands, pancreas, gall bladder, liver
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Term
| Food processing in the mouth |
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Definition
- teeth - chewing, breaking up larger pieces into smaller pieces
- salivary glands add saliva to food
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Term
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Definition
| have all sharp teeth and used for cutting, stomach will grind up food |
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Term
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Definition
| flat molars - chewing rotational and you grind up plant material on the molars |
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Term
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Definition
- moistens and lubricates the food for swallowing
- salivary amylase begins the break down of starch to sugars
- dissolves food into water to allow taste buds to work
- acts to break down bacteria due to lyzozymes
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Term
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Definition
| moves the food in the pharynx and then the esophagus which then transports it to the stomach |
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Term
| food is moved through the GI tract by ______ |
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Definition
| peristalsis - a way of contraction done in the tube - all done automatically |
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Term
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Definition
- food stored temporarily
- add HCl to denature proteins
- add pepsin to break down proteins
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Term
| modifications of the esophagus and stomach |
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Definition
- birds - enlargement of esophagus called a crop - liquid is added to moisten and soften food; have a two part stomach - proventriculus - glandular region where you add enzymes to break up proteins; gizzards - muscular organ for grinding up seeds; swallow pebbles and they stay in the crop - used to grind the food
- luminants (cows) have a complex stomach for mixing cellulose with bacteria; food is taken into the rumen where it is mixed with bacteria; food is regurgitated later and rechewed as cud -> reswallowed where it is then passed to the omasum -> begin to reclaim sugars bacteria broken down -> normal stomach called abomasum
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Term
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Definition
- major site of digestion
- pancreas, liver, and gall bladder add secreations to food at beginning of small intestine
- surface area - villi and microvilli
- as enzymes break up large molecules to small become small enough to become absorbed - main function of small intestine
- by the time you get to the end, you've absorbed all the good stuff
- absorption is done by simple diffusion, but mostly facillitated diffusion or active transport
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Term
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Definition
- bicarbonate (HCO3-) - neutralizes stomach acid
- amylase - breaks up carbohydrates
- proteases - break down proteins to amino acids
- lipases - break down lipids
- bile - emulsifies fat
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Term
| finger-like projections in the small inestine |
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Definition
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Term
| in cells lining villi, finger-like processes, have enzymes on their surface |
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Definition
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Term
| modifications for small intestine |
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Definition
| rabbits - add bacteria to the waste materials coming into the large intestine at the caecum - filled with bacteria; eat their fecal pellets and pass it through again but this thime with bacteria added |
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Term
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Definition
| screates bile for break down of fats |
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Term
| process of breaking fat from big globules into smaller pieces |
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Definition
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Term
| control of blood sugar levels |
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Definition
- when blood glucose levels go up the pancreas releases insulin -> activates glucose transporters on cell surfaces and they take glucose out of the blood
- if blood sugar levels drop, the pancreas releases glucogen -> 1) break down glycogen to glucose and throw in the blood 2) gluconeogenesis - make glucose out of amino acids and glycerol 3) you can make ketone bodies for energy
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| lack of adequate glycogen |
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Definition
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Term
| energy expenditure - how do you measure energy? |
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Definition
- calorie
- Calorie
- direct calorimetry
- indrect calorimetry
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Term
| the amount of energy needed to heat 1 mL of water 1 degree centigrade |
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Definition
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Term
| kilocalorie; amount of energy needed to heat 1 L of water 1 degree centigrade |
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Definition
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Term
| measure of body heat produced per time - measure of basal metabolic rate |
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Definition
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Term
| measuring oxygen usuage to get a basal metabolic rate |
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Definition
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Term
| rate measured at rest; basic amount of energy needed for basic processes |
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Definition
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Term
| get most of their heat from environment |
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Definition
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Term
| metabolic rate with no activity at usual temperature |
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Definition
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Term
| if you use your ___(1)___ you ___(2)___ your energy expenditure greatly |
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Definition
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Term
| energy needed to digest your food - 10% - usually ignored |
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Definition
| food induced thermogenesis |
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Term
| metabolic rate is relatred to body size -> |
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Definition
| the bigger you are, the slower your metabolic rate -> due to decrease in surface area to volume ratio; small organisms need to eat to maintain body temp and produce energy |
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Term
| organisms that produce their own body heat |
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Definition
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Term
| organisms that can change their own body temp |
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Definition
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Term
| organisms that can keep a constant body temperature; normally have a higher metabolic rate |
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Definition
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Term
| how do organisms give off heat? |
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Definition
- radiation
- conduction
- convection
- evaporation
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Term
| emit heat as electromagnetic waves - infrared |
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Definition
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Term
| passage of heat from a body by contact |
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Definition
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Term
| you heat air or water surrounding the body and it is carried away |
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Definition
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Term
| sweat or pant so water can turn into vapor and this is an exothermic reaction |
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Definition
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Term
| Welwitschia and Ephedra both lack a gametophyte phase in the life cycle |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| radiolarians and foraminiferans |
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Term
| the organism that causes botulism is able to occur in foods that have been improperly heated due to |
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Definition
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Term
| cyanobacteria are thought to be the ancestors of |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Rhodophytes, Chlorophytes, and Plants are all considered to be in the supergroup |
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Definition
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Term
| one characteristic of the bryophytes is that they all |
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Definition
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Term
| spiral shpaed bacteria which are flexible are known as |
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Definition
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Term
| in the bryophytes eggs are produced |
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Definition
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Term
| the stamen are believed to have evolved from primitive |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| are bacteria that are able to carry out nitrogen fixation |
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Term
| Bacteria usually reproduce by binary fission. |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| domain -> kingdom -> phylum -> class -> order -> family -> genus -> species |
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Term
| some bacteria, including cyanobacteria, are able to move up and down in the water in response to sugar content of the cell due to |
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Definition
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Term
| the protist group the is believed to be the ancestor of the plants is the |
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Definition
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Term
| one characteristic feature of the angiosperms is |
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Definition
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Term
| sleeping sickness (Trypanosoma) is caused by a protist in the phylum |
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Definition
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Term
| viruses can transfer DNA between bacterial cells by |
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Definition
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Term
| the addition of oxygen to the atmosphere is thought to have due to |
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Definition
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Term
| lycophytes and pterophytes are referred to as |
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Definition
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Term
| ciliates usually exchange genetic material by |
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Definition
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Term
| leaf-like structures were first seen in the |
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Definition
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Term
| conifers can prevent air bubbles from spreading from one tracheid to another by |
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Definition
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Term
| the cell nucleus is now believed to have formed from the endosymbiosis of |
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Definition
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Term
| most antibiotics act to slow or stop bacterial growth by |
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Definition
| interfering with peptidoglycan production |
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Term
| which plant type was shown to have cyanophytes in its small emergent roots that aid in nitrogen fixation? |
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Definition
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Term
| angiosperms with a single seed leaf are |
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Definition
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Term
| one difference between bacteria and archaea is tha archaea |
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Definition
| have a plasma membrane which is ester linked |
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Term
| a phylogenetic tree which shows birds and reptiles as belonging to separate clades is said to be |
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Definition
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Term
| a supergroup of protists characterized by a feeding groove is known as the |
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Definition
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Term
| Plants are actually classified in a supergroup with several types of protists. That supergroup is called |
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Definition
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Term
| sugars are transported in vascular plants by |
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Definition
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Term
| when two or more species influence each other's evolutionary pathway the result is |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| characteris seen in the euglenozoa include |
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Definition
- protein strips near the surface of the cell
- carbohydrate storage particles called paramylon
- an eyespot
- disc shaped mitochondrial cristae
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|
Term
| protist supergroup that is considered to be the ancestor of the animals is the |
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Definition
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Term
| bacterial cells are different from other cells in that they are enclosed within a |
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Definition
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Term
| Heliobacter pylori is an example of a(n) |
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Definition
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Term
| in the angiosperms an ovary will eventually develop into a |
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Definition
|
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Term
| photosynthetic protists which swim or float are known as |
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Definition
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Term
| bacteria are able to come together to produce a biofim by a process known as |
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Definition
|
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Term
| characteristic feature of the fungi is |
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Definition
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Term
| colloblasts are found in the |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| How are the three domains of life similar to each other? |
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Definition
| They each use a similar genetic code, they use DNA as their genetic code, they use similar metabolic pathways (ex: glycolysis), they all use tRNA and mRNA, and all their codons code for the same amino acids. |
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Term
| Compare and contrast the cell wall structure of a gram negative and a gram positive bacteria. |
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Definition
| Both have peptidoglycan. The gram negative has an extra phosholipid bilayer on top of the thin layer of peptidoglycan. The gram positive only has a thick layer of peptidoglycan. |
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Term
| Describe the structure of a bacterial flagellum. |
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Definition
| The flagellum's structure is mostly composed of solid protein. The flagellum is connected to the plasma membrane via a "hook." This hook is attached to a "motor" on the flagellum. A gradient of H+ is created and as the H+ flow back through the membrane, the motor will spin causing the flagellum to spin in a circular motion. |
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Term
| Describe primary, secondary, and tertiary endosymbiosis in the Protista. |
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Definition
- primary - archeoplastidia have plastids for photosynthesis
- secondary - have plastids with 3 membranes around them in stremopila
- tertiary - in alveolata
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Term
| Discuss trends in the relative importance of sporophyte and gametophyte generations in plants. |
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Definition
| The more recent plants lack a gametophyte stage (in gnetophytes and angiosperms). In the older plants, the sporophyte is completely dependent on the gametophyte (in bryophytes). |
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Term
| Nautiloids can move up or down in the water using |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| An infective stage of a trematode is a |
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Definition
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Term
| Platyhelminthes are acoelomate. |
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Definition
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Term
| Asexual reproduction of lichens involves hyphae wrapped around some algal cells to produce a dispersive stage known as a |
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Definition
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Term
| Square jellyfish with four tentacles and four lensed eyes are |
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Definition
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Term
| The intermediate host of a trematode is usually a |
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Definition
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Term
| A mollusc with with a lung-like mantle cavity is a |
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Definition
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Term
| The gut of the oligochaetes is unusual in that it has a |
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Definition
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Term
| The ectoparasitic annelids are the |
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Definition
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Term
| An extracellular matrix of collagen is characterisic of |
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Definition
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Term
| Fungi with flagellated cells are known as |
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Definition
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Term
| Corals are able to grow and produce in huge areas with little food in the water due to |
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Definition
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Term
| The group that exhibits detorsion is the |
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Definition
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Term
| Hirudinea can suck blood without it clotting because |
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Definition
| its saliva contains hirudin |
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Term
| Bivalves have a characteristic structure in their gut called a |
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Definition
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Term
| Cleavage is indeterminate in the |
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Definition
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Term
| Clamp connections are characteristics of the |
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Definition
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Term
| The characteristic structure of a rotifer is a |
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Definition
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Term
| The mollusc class with branchiae found in grooves on each side of the body is the |
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Definition
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Term
| Clams found at deep sea vents are able to grow large due to |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| The coelom in molluscs is reduced to make up only the mantle cavity |
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Definition
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Term
| A zygosporangium is found in the |
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Definition
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Term
| An association between fungal hyphae and plant roots is referred to as |
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Definition
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Term
| Lophophorates that have a dorsal/ventral shell are known as |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hox genes are involved in |
|
Definition
| development of body segments |
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Term
| A mutualistic relationship between a fungus and an algae is known as a |
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Definition
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Term
| A diploblastic animal lacks |
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Definition
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Term
| A cnidarian which lacks a medusoid stage is an |
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Definition
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Term
| The class of molluscs that has a closed circulatory system is the |
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Definition
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Term
| Sponges feed using cells called |
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Definition
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Term
| Schizocoelous coelom formation is seen in the |
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Definition
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Term
| All cephalopods lack an external shell. |
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Definition
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Term
| Free living platyhelminthes belong to the class |
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Definition
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Term
| A strobila is a reproductive stage in the |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain how growth of hyphae occurs in the fungi. |
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Definition
| Sugar is put into the hyphae cell and water will flow in due to osmosis. This creates pressure causing the cell wall to weaken. Vacuoles will then build up extending the cell wall. This occurs in the tip of the hyphae. |
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Term
| What is the difference between a pseudocoelom and a true coelom? |
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Definition
| A pseudocoelom is not lined by mesoderm and a true coelom is. |
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Term
| Compare an asconoid, a syconoid, and a leukonoid sponge. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Briefly describe torsion. What specific group of animals exhibits torsion? |
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Definition
| Torsion occurs in the larval stage when the rear of the shell turns back up upon itself and thus creates a cavity. This is apparent in the gastropoda. |
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Term
| What are the three advantages of segmentation in the annelid? |
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Definition
- segments can be specialized
- all the necessary organs are found in each segment so if one segment fails, there are others to carry on
- helps with movement of the organism
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Term
| Based on the description given in class, describe how feeding occurs in the bivalvia. |
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Definition
| mucus with food is moved by cilia along branchi to mouth -> mouth -> gelatinous rod (crystalline style) on side wall of stomach - spins/rotates -> winds mucus around it pulling material into stomach - tip grinds against a hard structure and it breaks down into an enzyme-filled material that mixes with the food -> food broken down and absorbed, waste materials go out intestine to the anus opening to the mantle cavity |
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Term
| Opposable thumbs are characteristic of the |
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Definition
|
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Term
| A unique characteristic of the echinoidea is |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Unlike the insects the crustacean have |
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Definition
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Term
| The class of animals with the greatest number of species is the |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A three chambered heart is seen in the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can evert their stomach to feed |
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Term
| The cephaloaspidomorphs (sea lampreys) lack |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Deuterostomes have indeterminate cleavage |
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Definition
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Term
| Malphigian tubules are found in insects and are used in |
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Definition
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|
Term
| About the only animals that concentrate vanadium are the |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the compound eye of arthropods |
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Term
| Members of the Class Chilopoda (centipedes) are predators. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Urochordata are considered chordates because |
|
Definition
| their larvae has all the chordate characters |
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Term
| A naupilus larvae is found in most |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The chondrichthyes maintain their buoyancy by |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| According to the book the following are characteristic of Aves (birds) |
|
Definition
| air sacs, feathers, a lightweight skeleton, and reduced organs |
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Term
| The class of echinoderm that has an endoskeleton on only small spicules is the |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Many groups of fish are able to sense water pressure changes with their |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Elephantiasis of humans is caused by a |
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Definition
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|
Term
| An animal with a cephalothorax and an abdomen plus 6 pairs of appendages is an |
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Definition
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Term
| A defense mechanism of the myxini (hagfish) is |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Encrusting organisms are not able to settle on a starfish due to |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Echinoderms lack a kidney and can only live in fresh water. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One limitation of the amphibians is |
|
Definition
| they must reproduce in water |
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Term
| Sea urchins and sand dollars are |
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Definition
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Term
| Buccal breathing is characteristic of the |
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Definition
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Term
| Nematodes are unusual in that they have |
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Definition
| an exoskeleton made of collagen |
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Term
| In order to avoid predators the holothuria |
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Definition
| throw out (self eviscerate) their internal organs |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| All of the following are found in echinoderms except for |
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Definition
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Term
| The following are true of insects |
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Definition
| they have 3 pairs of walkings legs, they have 2 pairs of wings, they have a head thorax and abdomen, and they have a single pair of antenna |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The eggs of vertebrates other than the fish and amphibians have |
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Definition
| an amniotic sac that surrounds the embryo |
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Term
| The difference between complete and incomplete metamorphosis is that in complete metamorphosis |
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Definition
| there is a larval stage followed by pupation |
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Term
| A flexible rod for swimming, seen in all chordates is the |
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Definition
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Term
| What class of animal is a craniate but not a vertebrate? |
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Definition
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Term
| All of the following are true of chordates |
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Definition
| they have a notocord, they have a dorsal hollow nerve cord, they have a post anal tail, they have pharyngeal gill slits |
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Term
| Discuss the characteristics of arthropods which allowed them to live on dry land. |
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Definition
- exoskeleton made of chiton - prevented drying out
- developed book lungs for breathing
- malphigian tubules to filter out waste
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Term
| Describe the body morphology of an insect. |
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Definition
- holes in their side called spicules that lead to tracheal tubes
- head, thorax, and abdomen
- 3 walking legs and 2 wings
- top wings are flaps of cuticle
- chitin exoskeleton
- pair of antennae, mandibles, maxillae, and labrum
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Term
| Describe the water vascular system of echinoderms including the tube feet. |
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Definition
- set of tubings that bring in sea water and allow tube feet to move
- madraporite brings in the water
- ring canal with radial canals that extend into arms
- ampulla - squeeze and tube feet extend, if you pull the muscle the end of the tube feet become like a suction cup
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Term
| What characteristics lead us to believe that the Urochordates are chordates? |
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Definition
- larval form looks like a tadpole
- notocord
- dorsal hallow nerve cord
- pharyngeal gill slits
- post anal tail
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Term
| Based on the fossil record, how did jaws develop in the vertebrates? |
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Definition
| Jaws developed from gill arches which are structures between gill slits. |
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Term
| Describe the structure of an amniotic egg. What advantages did it provide to the higher vertebrates? |
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Definition
The amniotic egg has 4 membranes:
- chorion - outer covering that is porous for gas exchange
- amniotic sac - fluid that surrounds the embryo for protection
- yolk sac - food supply
- allantois - waste storage
This allowed for eggs to be laid on land and for even high vertebrantes allowed the egg to stay inside the mom. Also, allowed for internal fertilization. |
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