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| Human cells produce perhaps as many as 100,000 different proteins and yet the human genome has only about 25,000 genes. This is best explained by.. |
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| Attachment of DNA to scaffolding proteins forms the |
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| looped domains (300 nm fiber) |
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| The central dogma describes the flow of information of gene expression as |
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Cells maintian:
a. a large stockpile of ATP, enough for several days
b.a relatively low rate of ATP production compared to their rate of AT consumption
c. a relatively high rate of ATP production compared to their rate of ATP consumption
d. an ADP concentration typically around 10 times greater than their ATP concentration
e. an AT concetration typically around 10 times greater than their ADP concentration |
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| e. an AT concentration typically around 10 times greaeter than their ADP concentration. |
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| Streches of bases on mRNA that interrupt the sequence and must be removed. |
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| The structure of DNA was worked out by whom? |
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| A point mutation that causes a change in what amino acid is coded for |
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| Sequence of three bases that instruct for an addition of a particular amino acid |
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| DNA strands are held together by _____ bonds between the bases |
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| "Induced fit" referes to the fact that an enzyme typically changes its shape when ____ binds to it. |
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| The place where RNA polymerase first associates with DNA so that transcription can begin is called the ______ and is located _____ of the transcribed region. |
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| RNA polymerase moves along the template strand of DNA in the _____ direction, and adds nucleotides to the ______ end of the growing transcript |
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| The first evidence of a connection between genes and metabolism came from studies of alkaptonuria (black urine disease) conducted by.. |
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| Thymine, cytosine, uricil; one ring in the nitrgenous base are _____ |
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| _______ proof reads the DNA and makes corrections |
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A mutation in which of the following parts of a gene is most likely to be damaging to a cell?
a. intron
b. exon
c. 5' UTR
d. 3' UTR
e. all would be equally as damaging. |
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| This type of RNA is founds as a strand of about 70-80 bases long with folded structures that has an anticodon as well as an attachment site for an amino acid. |
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| Substitution of one base pair for another in a coding region of a gene can result in a ______ mutation that creates a stop codon where an amino acid was previously coded for. |
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| When ATP hydrolysis is used in a coupled reaction to provide energy: |
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| a phosphorylated intermediate is often produced. |
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| A _______ is a protein that binds directy to DNA at the promoter and acts there to regulate gene expression. |
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| Stopping transcription in prokaryotes requires: |
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| copying a terminator sequence in mRNA |
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| "Every energy conversion musst include an overall increase in entropy" is one way of stating the second law of thermodynamics. A consequence of this physical law is that: |
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| no energy conservation is 100% percent efficient. |
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| What acts in DNA replication to break and rejoin strands, resolving knots and strains that occur during the process? |
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| At the start of translation the initiator tRNA is basepaired with the start codon at _______ in the ribosome |
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| Chemical reactions in cells that break down complex molecules into simpler ones are termed ______ reactinons and are usually _______ |
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| During the process of translation, mRNA is read in the ______ direction and a polypeptide is built in the _______ direction. |
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| Who developed the "one gene, one enzyme" hypothesis? |
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| The capacity to do work is |
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| Energy of motion, actively performing work , the breaking of chemical bonds is |
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