Term
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Definition
| Pattern of evolution change over larger time scale |
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Term
What method has been used to determine the age of Earth at its major developmental
milestones? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the first atmosphere. |
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Definition
| Hydrogen-dispersed quickly |
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Term
Describe the second atmosphere. How have we developed our understanding about
the components of the second atmosphere? |
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Definition
Volcanoes venting
-H2O vapor,CO2, Nitrogen,Hydrogen Sulfide, some methane and ammonia |
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Term
| Describe the formation of the seas. When did it happen? |
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Definition
-Planetary cooling began
2-9 billions years ago |
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Term
| What two energy sources were abundant on early Earth? |
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Definition
| Lighting and UV radiation |
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Term
How old are the earliest fossils? What are they called? What organisms do they
contain? |
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Definition
-3-5 bya
-called Stromatolites
-were fossilized bacteria |
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Term
| Why do many scientists believe that simpler prokaryotes must have predated those found in the earliest fossils? |
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Definition
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Term
From about 300 B.C. to the 1800s, how did most people believe life arises? Who
developed that hypothesis? |
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Definition
| Through spontaneous generation: organisms are from energy and matter. Aristotle hypothesis |
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Term
Who completely and totally debunked that hypothesis (spontaneous generation)? The evidence presented
against it was convincing... what was the downside of that? What observation did
this person make regarding the origins of all life today? |
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Definition
-Louis Pasteur killed spontaneous generation
-Said all life today including micro. arise only by reproduction from existing life. |
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Term
| In 1922, two scientists independently made a hypothesis regarding the origin of organic molecules and, thus, life... what was it? |
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Definition
-Harden and Oparin
-Hyp: Early atmosphere conditions increased abotic molecules formation |
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Term
| What are the three requirements for life? |
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Definition
| Membranes(enclose),metabolism(Chemical reaction),Reproduction |
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Term
Define emergence. Would you recognize an example? How do those who study
origins apply the concept of emergence to the origin of life on Earth? |
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Definition
-Emergence is the way complex systems and patterns arise from or multiple relatively simple interactions
Examples: birds, fish movements
-emergence due to just the right combo of forces and chemicals |
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Term
| Life is proposed to have originated in are series of steps. What is the proposed first step? |
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Definition
| -The abiotic (non living) synthesis of small organic molecules, such as amino acids and nucleotides |
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Term
| Life is proposed to have originated in are series of steps. What is the proposed second step? |
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Definition
| The joining of small molecules (amino acids, nucleotides) into macromolecules including proteins and nucleic acids. |
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Term
| Life is proposed to have originated in are series of steps. What is the proposed third step? |
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Definition
| The packaging of these molecules ino "protobionts" droplets with membrane that maintain an internal chemistry different from that of their surroundings. |
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Term
| Life is proposed to have originated in are series of steps. What is the proposed fourth step? |
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Definition
| The origin of self-replicating molecules that eventually made inheritance possible |
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Term
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Definition
| Collection of abiotically created molecules within a membrane |
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Term
| The most successful protobionts would have become the first life, which would be which types of organisms? |
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Definition
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Term
What significant contribution to the atmosphere did these organisms make? (first prokaryotes )
-Is there supporting evidence for this in the fossil record
-How long were these organisms Earth’s only life forms? |
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Definition
-Oxygen began to appear 2.7 billions ago as a result of prokaryotic photosynthesis......Started the oxygen revolution.
-The oldest widely accepted fossils of eukaryotes are about 2.1 billions years ago
-Not to long.....a range of unicellular forms evolved. |
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Term
| Describe briefly the increasing complexity of life that developed over the rest of Earth’s history, to the present. |
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Definition
| After first eukaryotes appeared, a great range of unicellular forms evolved, giving rise to the diversity of single-celled eukaryotes that continue to flourish today |
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Term
| Describe the timing and major events that led to the formation of uni- and multicellular eukaryotes, animals, land plants, fungi and the movement onto land. |
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Definition
-Lived around 1.5 billions years ago
-Oldest fossil dating back about 1.2 billions ago |
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Term
| How long have humans been around? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the fossil record? |
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Definition
| the sequence in which fossils appear in rock strata, is an archive of evolutionary history |
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Term
| What is the geologic record? |
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Definition
| a time scale established by geologists that divides earths history into time periods, groups into three eons, Archaean, Proterozoic, and Phanerozoic and further subdivided into eras, period , and epochs. |
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Term
| How do we know how old rocks and fossils are? |
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Definition
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Term
| How much actual time does the Precambrian represent? |
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Definition
| 635-542 million years ago |
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Term
| How old are the oldest fossils? Prokaryotic? Eukaryotic? |
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Definition
3.5 billion years ago Prok.
2.1 billion years ago Euka. |
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Term
| What organisms had developed by the end of the Precambrian? |
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Definition
| Algae and soft-bodied animals |
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Term
What event defines the beginning of the Paleozoic era? What fossilized organism
indicates this event? |
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Definition
| Sudden increase in diversity on many animal phyla. Fossils of lineages that gave rise to present day organisms |
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Term
| What habitat shift occurred during the Paleozoic era? What groups radiated in this era? Originated? |
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Definition
| Plants and animals were well established on land. Radiation of reptiles |
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Term
| What defines the end of the Paleozoic era? |
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Definition
| the first large, sophisticated reptiles and the first modern plants had developed. |
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Term
| What groups radiated during the Mesozoic era? Originated? |
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Definition
| Age of the reptiles and dinosaurs, aslo mammals and flowering plants |
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Term
| What defines the end of the Mesozoic era? |
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Definition
| Dinosaurs had become extinct except for one lineage-The birds |
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Term
| Why are there epochs in the Cenozoic era? |
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Definition
| Due to an explosive period of evolution of mammals, birds, and angiosperms began |
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Term
| What types of species radiated during the Cenozoic era? Originated? |
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Definition
| mammals, birds, and angiosperms also; apes and humans |
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Term
| Define ‘continental drift |
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Definition
| A change in the postion of continent resulting from the increase slow movement of the plates of Earths crust on the underlying molten mantle |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the Earth's crust that moves very slowly which causes changes in the positions of the continents. |
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Term
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Definition
| The dynamics of plate movement. |
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Term
| Who proposed continental drift and when |
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Definition
German meteorologist Alfred Wegener
in 1912 |
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Term
| At what point was continental drift seriously considered |
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Definition
| 1960s photograph from space |
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Term
| What had most scientists believed before the continental drift theory was proved true. |
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Definition
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Term
| Evidence for continental drift: what is currently happening between North America and Europe? |
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Definition
| They are presently drifting apart at a rate of about 2cm per year |
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Term
| How might continental drift affect organisms? |
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Definition
| Altering the habits in which organisms live. |
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Term
What two particularly significant events that illustrate the effects of continental drift on
organisms did we discuss and what did they do, specifically? |
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Definition
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Term
| What am I referring to when I say ‘tectonic event’? What types of events are they |
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Definition
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Term
| Why are tsunamis and volcanoes both good and bad for diversity? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which mass extinction was triggered, in part, by volcanic eruption. |
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Definition
| The Permian mass extinction |
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Term
| What role might extraterrestrial objects play in mass extinction? |
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Definition
| Asteroid-hot vapor and debris killed plants and animals. |
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Term
| What is the evidence for extraterrestrial involvement in the Cretaceous extinction |
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Definition
| A large crater has been found in the Caribbean sea. Could of killed plants and animals with vapor and debris. |
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Term
| Is mass extinction likely to result from a single catastrophic event? Explain. |
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Definition
| No, mass extinction can be cause by many events |
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Term
| Historically, what follows mass extinction? |
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Definition
| Mass extinction can pave the way for adaptive radiations in which new groups rise to prominence |
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Term
| How might the diversification of one group of organisms trigger the radiation of another? |
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Definition
| The diversification of one group of organisms trigger the radiation by evolution of new adaptations for new organisms |
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Term
| Give an example of diversification of one group of organisms trigger the radiation of another |
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Definition
| diversification of land palnts stimulated a series of adaptive radiations in insects that ate plants helping to make them more diverse |
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Term
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Definition
| combines evolutionary biology with development biology |
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Term
| What do developmental genes do |
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Definition
| Control the rate, timing, and spatial pattern of change in an organism's form as it develops from a zygote into an adult. |
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Term
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Definition
| The retention in the adult of features that were juvenile in an ancestral species |
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Term
| How do human and chimp fetal skulls, which appear so similar, develop so differently by adulthood? |
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Definition
| Human brains continues to grow at the same rate after birth and chimps being slow |
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Term
| How significant an effect can a mutation in a developmental gene have? |
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Definition
| Can have a profound impact on body form. |
|
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Term
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Definition
| are genes that determine which parts of the body form what body parts |
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Term
What is the difference in developmental gene expression between a fish fin and a
tetrapod foot? |
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Definition
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Term
| How might gene duplication allow an organism to increase in complexity, thereby leading to diversification? |
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Definition
| Many create new morphological form |
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Term
| Define ‘gradual refinement |
|
Definition
| complex structures have evolved in increments from simpler versions having the same basic functions |
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Term
| Define ‘gradual adaptation’ What is an exaptation? |
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Definition
| Structures that evolve in one context but become co-opted for another function |
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