Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Biology 102 Exam 4
Notes from Lectures
159
Biology
Undergraduate 1
04/29/2010

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
what is more closely related to animals, plants or fungi?
Definition
fungi
Term
what type of cells do fungi have? eukaryotic/ prokaryotic
Definition
eukaryotic
Term
what kind of feeders are unikonta?
Definition
heterotrophs
Term
can fungi make their own organic compounds?
Definition
no, they are heterotrophs
Term
fungi use _____ nutrition
Definition
absorptive
Term
fungi secrete ________ to help ingest their "food"
Definition
exoenzymes
Term
fungi literally _________ their food and __________
Definition
live in/ ingest it as they grow
Term
what is what a fungi lives in/ what it eats?
Definition
substrate
Term
what are fungi cell walls made of?
Definition
chitin
Term
what is a component of insect exoskeletons?
Definition
chitin
Term
chitin is also used to make what kind of thread?
Definition
surgical
Term
what is the filamentous form found in fungi?
Definition
hyphae
Term
a group of hyphae make up a ________ (a colony of hyphae)
Definition
mycelium
Term
can fungi be unicellular
Definition
yes, example: yeast
Term
how do fungi reproduce?
Definition
via spores
Term
are fungi sexual or asexual?
Definition
can be both
Term
what are asexual fungi spores called?
Definition
conidia
Term
how do molds reproduce?
Definition
asexually
Term
what are fruiting bodies?
Definition
multicellular reproductive structures in fungi, mushrooms
Term
what are fruiting bodies completely made up of?
Definition
hyphae
Term
the ends of some hyphae are specialized for _________ in fruiting bodies
Definition
spore production
Term
the _________ nature of fungi make them hard to study
Definition
mycelial
Term
what are fairy rings?
Definition
fungi that grow submerged in their substrate, that is spread out evenly in the shape of a ring--- found in very homogeneous substrate
Term
true/ false: there are fungi that are over 2000 years old
Definition
true
Term
could a single fungus have a bigger mass than a blue whale?
Definition
yes
Term
armilla (type of fungus) include some of the _________ and __________ organisms
Definition
oldest and biggest
Term
what kind of feeders are fungi?
Definition
decomposers/ saprotrophs
Term
how do saprotrophs feed?
Definition
digest dead matter
Term
what is the importance of decomposers?
Definition
recycle dead plant and animal matter, respire as CO2, "unlock" nutrients
Term
what hard to digest substance can some fungi break down?
Definition
lignin
Term
what is lignin?
Definition
a hard, heterogeneous, resistant polymer, found in trees
Term
can bacteria break down lignin?
Definition
no
Term
what do saprotrophs feed on?
Definition
dead plant matter
Term
where do biotrophs recieve their nutrition from?
Definition
living organisms
Term
fungi can be _______ pathogens
Definition
plant
Term
chestnut blight
Definition
Cryphonectria parasitica, fungus
Term
what does chestnut blight do?
Definition
kills the above ground structures of chestnut trees
Term
how do chestnut trees recover from chestnut blight?
Definition
they can, and will continuously, resprout from roots
Term
what does chestnut blight look like?
Definition
little yellow fruiting bodies on the bark
Term
what did chestnut blight effect economically?
Definition
the timber industry
Term
american elm
Definition
Ulmus Americana
Term
can american elms be killed by blight?
Definition
yes, but some are blight resistant
Term
wheat rust
Definition
puccinia graminis, fungus
Term
unicellular animal pathogenic fungus that causes yeast infections
Definition
Candida albicans, fungus
Term
how does Candida albican cause a yeast infection?
Definition
the fungus is naturally present, but growth can get out of hand
Term
ring worm
Definition
Tricophyton rubrum, fungus
Term
what does ring worm inhabit as a fungus?
Definition
skin
Term
Lung pathogen
Definition
Pneumocystis carinii, fungi
Term
Pneumocystis carinii has a reduced _______ and is _________ celled
Definition
life form/ single
Term
why is Pneumocystis carinii is a serious problem for people with ________ and is __________, so antibiotics won't work
Definition
AIDS/ eukaryotic
Term
_____________ fungi can kill nematodes
Definition
carnivorous
Term
how does carnivorous fungi kill nematodes?
Definition
have specialized hyphae that have specialized rings (loops and snares) that inflate around the nematode and kills it
Term
do some fungi attack insects?
Definition
yes
Term
how can a nematode fight carnivorous fungi?
Definition
it can rip hyphae rings off, but the fungi can just produce more
Term
fungi that attack other fungi
Definition
mycoparasitic
Term
fungi will attack any other source of _________
Definition
carbon
Term
biotrophs can live in _______ symbiosis
Definition
mutualistic
Term
what is mutualistic symbiosis?
Definition
two or more organisms living in intimate contact, both parties benefit
Term
lichens are an example of ________ symbiosis
Definition
mutualistic
Term
what are the two parties involved in lichen mutualistic symbiosis?
Definition
a fungus and alga
Term
the alga in a lichen mutualistic symbiosis is usually a member of the _________ but sometimes is ___________
Definition
chlorophytes/ cyanobacteria
Term
where do lichens grow?
Definition
rock, tree bark, roofs etc.
Term
people who study mosses often study ________, even though they are unrelated
Definition
lichens
Term
are lichens filamentous fungi?
Definition
yes
Term
where are the algal cells in lichen?
Definition
embedded within the thalus of the organism
Term
how is the fungus benefiting in a lichen symbiosis?
Definition
gets photosynthates from the alga
Term
associations between fungi and plant roots
Definition
mychorizae
Term
mycorhizae happens in what percent of plants?
Definition
~80%
Term
what did mycorhizae contribute to plant evolution?
Definition
the move to terrestrial habitats
Term
what is photosynthetic in mycorhizae?
Definition
the plant
Term
how does the fungus in a mycorhizae relationship benefit?
Definition
it gets sugars from the plant
Term
how does the plant benefit in a mycorhizae relationship?
Definition
the fungus helps absorb water and minerals for the plant, mycelium are good at absorption
Term
are mycelium good at absorbing water and minerals?
Definition
yes
Term
can mushrooms get carbon form a plant it lives in symbiosis with?
Definition
yes
Term
do fruiting bodies always stay below the soil?
Definition
no
Term
symbiosis between fungi and trees
Definition
ectomycorrhizal symbiosis
Term
practical uses of fungi
Definition
food, food/ alcohol fermentation, biochemical producers, model systems
Term
are all mushrooms eaten saprotrophs/ decomposers?
Definition
no
Term
why are saprotroph/ decomposer mushrooms cheaper than ectomycorrhizal mushrooms?
Definition
easier to grow, ecto. have to be found
Term
what are examples of ectomycorrhizal mushrooms that people eat?
Definition
porchini and chantrelle
Term
what are truffles?
Definition
ectomycorrhizal fungi that are aromatic and are often found by animals, can be grown with a tree commercially
Term
what are examples of ectomycorrhizal mushrooms that people eat?
Definition
porchini and chantrelle
Term
truffles
Definition
Tuber melanisporum, fungus
Term
how are truffles grown?
Definition
ectomycorrhizal, commercially... animals can be used to find
Term
cornsmut
Definition
Ustilago maydis, fungus
Term
where is cornsmut found?
Definition
Central American
Term
what is cornsmut used for?
Definition
eaten
Term
Baker's yeast
Definition
Saccaromyces cerevisiae, fungus
Term
how is baker's yeast used?
Definition
to ferment alcohol and food
Term
miso and soy sauce
Definition
made by fungus fermentation
Term
what is tempay made from? (a food)
Definition
Rhizopus spp. (fungus) and soy beans
Term
what fungus is used to make blue cheese?
Definition
Penicillium spp., fungus
Term
what can fungi biochemically produce?
Definition
antibiotics, stains/ dyes, enzymes ("in yeasts"), drugs
Term
who discovered penicillin?
Definition
Fleming
Term
area around antibiotic where bacteria is destroyed?
Definition
zone of inhibition
Term
penicillin
Definition
example of fungal antibiotic
Term
binds to actin
Definition
Phalloidin, fungus
Term
actin is found in _________
Definition
cytoskeletons
Term
how is phalloidin used
Definition
flourescent attached to phalloidin, which binds to actin that makes up cytoskeleton, showing the dye in the cytoskeleton
Term
how is red yeast (fungus) used?
Definition
fed to farmed salmon to make them red... usually this dye is found in the natural food salmon eat
Term
fungal enzymes can break down _______, which bacteria can't
Definition
lignin
Term
magical mushrooms can be used in ____________ and are ____________
Definition
religious sacraments/ culturally significant
Term
why are fungi good model systems?
Definition
can be easily manipulated, are Eukaryotes like people, easier to grow, and have a small genome sequence so it's easier to study
Term
opisthokonts
Definition
have single posterior flagella, part of Unikonta, significant in fungi evolution
Term
choanoflagellates
Definition
significant in fungal evolution, single celled, collar around flagella, and are aquatic
Term
how many loses of flagella are found in a simplified evolutionary tree with an history of fungi?
Definition
5
Term
why were flagella lost, most likely?
Definition
move to terrestrial habitat
Term
fungi had a common ancestor that had flagellum. this is an example of?
Definition
parsimony
Term
due to shape of an evolutionary tree involving fungi, there is a lose, not a gain of flagella. what is the shape of the tree called?
Definition
topology
Term
what are five major groups of fungi?
Definition
chytrids, zygomycetes, glomeromycetes, dikarya, 5?
Term
chytrids
Definition
type of fungus, flagellated cells, mostly unicellular, no fruiting bodies
Term
how are chytrids ecologically important?
Definition
are decomposers and pathogens
Term
one chytrid pathogen that effects frogs
Definition
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
Term
how does Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis enter frogs?
Definition
through their skin, one cause of disease, grows and emerges through skin
Term
microsporidia are closely related to ________
Definition
chytrids
Term
microsporidia
Definition
eukaryotes, highly reduced mitochondria, small genomes
Term
why might microsporidia have a small genome?
Definition
parasitic live style
Term
zygomycetes
Definition
type of fungus, paraphyletic, filamentous, mostly terrestrial, no flagella, no fruiting bodies
Term
bread mold
Definition
Rhizopus, zygomycete that grows on bread
Term
hat-thrower
Definition
zygomycete, can reproduce asexually/ grows in herbivore dung
Term
what is uber cool about hat-throwers?
Definition
they can aim their sporangia at light, build up pressure, and shoot spores to other plant material (other than the herbivore dung they live in) this way they will be eaten by herbivores to repeat the cycle
Term
Glomeromycetes
Definition
type of fungus, filamentous, no fruiting bodies, no flagella, found in 70% of plants (ecologically important), have Arbuscules
Term
Arbuscules
Definition
"little trees", structure found glomeromycetes
Term
glomeromycete fossils
Definition
about as old as land plants, could have helped with root systems/ plant movement to land
Term
two types of dikarya (type of fungus)
Definition
ascomyceles and basidiomycetes
Term
dikarya
Definition
filamentous/ yeasts, fruiting bodies, no flagellated cells
Term
Based on fossil evidence the…
Definition
Minimum age of the animals is ca. 570 million years
Term
The specialized cells that jellies and anemones use to sting their prey are called:
Definition
cnidocytes
Term
- jellies (“jellyfish”)
- sea anemones
-corals
Definition
are members of cnidaria
Term
In protostomes, the _____ becomes the ______
Definition
blastopore/mouth
Term
Based on molecular phylogenetic analyses, the closest relative (i.e., the sister group) of the
chordates (Chordata) is the
Definition
Echinoderms
Term
radial symmetry, cnidocyte, and diploblastic development are characteritics of
Definition
Cnidarians
Term
Fungi that produce flagella are called
Definition
chytrids
Term
The mycelium of a fungus is composed of
Definition
hyphae
Term
Mycorrhizae are symbioses involving
Definition
plants and fungi
Term
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Definition
- is used to ferment alcoholic beverages
-was the first eukaryote to have its genome sequenced
Term
lungs and swim bladder are
Definition
homologous
Term
An extinct organism with feathers, claws on its wings, and teeth was
Definition
Archaeopteryx
Term
Which of the following groups of tetrapods includes ectothermic taxa?
Definition
birds
Term
Muellerian (not Batesian) mimicry refers to the situation where
Definition
Two or more distasteful (or dangerous) species come to resemble each other
Term
If a group of closely related species, derived from a common ancestor, evolve to have separate
niches, then this would be an example of:
Definition
resource partitioning
Term
Which of the following processes increases the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere?
Definition
respiration
Term
Which of the following conditions is NOT required for a compound to undergo biological
magnification?
Definition
the compound decays spontaneously
Term
The bright colors of a poison-arrow frog are an example of
Definition
aposematic coloration
Term
Which of the following statements about Animals is false?
Definition
All animals have either radial or bilateral symmetry
Term
Which group of primates is most closely related to the genus Homo?
Definition
chimpanzees
Term
Which of the following characteristics is present in some, but not all, members of the class
Osteichthyes?
Definition
legs
Term
Which organisms are the closest relatives of fungi?
Definition
animals
Term
Organisms that are diploblastic lack a(n)
Definition
Mesoderm
Term
Which of these is not a basic feature of chordates?
Definition
spine
Term
The possible causes of the Cambrian Explosion are or include which of the following?
Definition
-Increase in predator‐prey relationships
-Diversification of Hox genes
Term
Seastars (part of Echinodermata) are…
Definition
bilaterally symmetrical
Term
Which of the following are diseases caused by nematodes?
Definition
-trichinosis
-river blindness
-elephantiasis
Term
What ecological service do the fungi that are cultivated by attine (leaf cutter) ants perform for
the ants?
Definition
cellulose digestion
Term
b. Snail
c. Squid
d. Clam
Definition
are examples of Molluscs
Term
Primates are ____apsids
Definition
syn
Term
About how old is the species to which modern humans belong (Homo sapiens)?
Definition
200,000 years
Term
Which of the following would qualify as one of the biotic components of an ecosystem
Definition
abundance of herbivores
Term
annual oscillation caused by
Definition
The annual
variation is caused by seasonal differences in net carbon fixation vs. respiration by terrestrial plants in the
northern hemisphere (which contains most of the land mass of Earth). Plants in the nothern hemisphere
fix more carbon in the summer than in the winter.
Supporting users have an ad free experience!