Term
| what is more closely related to animals, plants or fungi? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what type of cells do fungi have? eukaryotic/ prokaryotic |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what kind of feeders are unikonta? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| can fungi make their own organic compounds? |
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Definition
| no, they are heterotrophs |
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Term
| fungi use _____ nutrition |
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Definition
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Term
| fungi secrete ________ to help ingest their "food" |
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Definition
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|
Term
| fungi literally _________ their food and __________ |
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Definition
| live in/ ingest it as they grow |
|
|
Term
| what is what a fungi lives in/ what it eats? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what are fungi cell walls made of? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a component of insect exoskeletons? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| chitin is also used to make what kind of thread? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the filamentous form found in fungi? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| a group of hyphae make up a ________ (a colony of hyphae) |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are fungi sexual or asexual? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what are asexual fungi spores called? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are fruiting bodies? |
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Definition
| multicellular reproductive structures in fungi, mushrooms |
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|
Term
| what are fruiting bodies completely made up of? |
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Definition
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Term
| the ends of some hyphae are specialized for _________ in fruiting bodies |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the _________ nature of fungi make them hard to study |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| fungi that grow submerged in their substrate, that is spread out evenly in the shape of a ring--- found in very homogeneous substrate |
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|
Term
| true/ false: there are fungi that are over 2000 years old |
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Definition
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|
Term
| could a single fungus have a bigger mass than a blue whale? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| armilla (type of fungus) include some of the _________ and __________ organisms |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what kind of feeders are fungi? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the importance of decomposers? |
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Definition
| recycle dead plant and animal matter, respire as CO2, "unlock" nutrients |
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|
Term
| what hard to digest substance can some fungi break down? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a hard, heterogeneous, resistant polymer, found in trees |
|
|
Term
| can bacteria break down lignin? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what do saprotrophs feed on? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| where do biotrophs recieve their nutrition from? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| fungi can be _______ pathogens |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Cryphonectria parasitica, fungus |
|
|
Term
| what does chestnut blight do? |
|
Definition
| kills the above ground structures of chestnut trees |
|
|
Term
| how do chestnut trees recover from chestnut blight? |
|
Definition
| they can, and will continuously, resprout from roots |
|
|
Term
| what does chestnut blight look like? |
|
Definition
| little yellow fruiting bodies on the bark |
|
|
Term
| what did chestnut blight effect economically? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| can american elms be killed by blight? |
|
Definition
| yes, but some are blight resistant |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| puccinia graminis, fungus |
|
|
Term
| unicellular animal pathogenic fungus that causes yeast infections |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| how does Candida albican cause a yeast infection? |
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Definition
| the fungus is naturally present, but growth can get out of hand |
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Term
|
Definition
| Tricophyton rubrum, fungus |
|
|
Term
| what does ring worm inhabit as a fungus? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pneumocystis carinii, fungi |
|
|
Term
| Pneumocystis carinii has a reduced _______ and is _________ celled |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| why is Pneumocystis carinii is a serious problem for people with ________ and is __________, so antibiotics won't work |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| _____________ fungi can kill nematodes |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| how does carnivorous fungi kill nematodes? |
|
Definition
| have specialized hyphae that have specialized rings (loops and snares) that inflate around the nematode and kills it |
|
|
Term
| do some fungi attack insects? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how can a nematode fight carnivorous fungi? |
|
Definition
| it can rip hyphae rings off, but the fungi can just produce more |
|
|
Term
| fungi that attack other fungi |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fungi will attack any other source of _________ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| biotrophs can live in _______ symbiosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is mutualistic symbiosis? |
|
Definition
| two or more organisms living in intimate contact, both parties benefit |
|
|
Term
| lichens are an example of ________ symbiosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the two parties involved in lichen mutualistic symbiosis? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| the alga in a lichen mutualistic symbiosis is usually a member of the _________ but sometimes is ___________ |
|
Definition
| chlorophytes/ cyanobacteria |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| rock, tree bark, roofs etc. |
|
|
Term
| people who study mosses often study ________, even though they are unrelated |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| are lichens filamentous fungi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are the algal cells in lichen? |
|
Definition
| embedded within the thalus of the organism |
|
|
Term
| how is the fungus benefiting in a lichen symbiosis? |
|
Definition
| gets photosynthates from the alga |
|
|
Term
| associations between fungi and plant roots |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| mycorhizae happens in what percent of plants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what did mycorhizae contribute to plant evolution? |
|
Definition
| the move to terrestrial habitats |
|
|
Term
| what is photosynthetic in mycorhizae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does the fungus in a mycorhizae relationship benefit? |
|
Definition
| it gets sugars from the plant |
|
|
Term
| how does the plant benefit in a mycorhizae relationship? |
|
Definition
| the fungus helps absorb water and minerals for the plant, mycelium are good at absorption |
|
|
Term
| are mycelium good at absorbing water and minerals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| can mushrooms get carbon form a plant it lives in symbiosis with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| do fruiting bodies always stay below the soil? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| symbiosis between fungi and trees |
|
Definition
| ectomycorrhizal symbiosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| food, food/ alcohol fermentation, biochemical producers, model systems |
|
|
Term
| are all mushrooms eaten saprotrophs/ decomposers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why are saprotroph/ decomposer mushrooms cheaper than ectomycorrhizal mushrooms? |
|
Definition
| easier to grow, ecto. have to be found |
|
|
Term
| what are examples of ectomycorrhizal mushrooms that people eat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ectomycorrhizal fungi that are aromatic and are often found by animals, can be grown with a tree commercially |
|
|
Term
| what are examples of ectomycorrhizal mushrooms that people eat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tuber melanisporum, fungus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ectomycorrhizal, commercially... animals can be used to find |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is cornsmut used for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Saccaromyces cerevisiae, fungus |
|
|
Term
| how is baker's yeast used? |
|
Definition
| to ferment alcohol and food |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| made by fungus fermentation |
|
|
Term
| what is tempay made from? (a food) |
|
Definition
| Rhizopus spp. (fungus) and soy beans |
|
|
Term
| what fungus is used to make blue cheese? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what can fungi biochemically produce? |
|
Definition
| antibiotics, stains/ dyes, enzymes ("in yeasts"), drugs |
|
|
Term
| who discovered penicillin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| area around antibiotic where bacteria is destroyed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| example of fungal antibiotic |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| actin is found in _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flourescent attached to phalloidin, which binds to actin that makes up cytoskeleton, showing the dye in the cytoskeleton |
|
|
Term
| how is red yeast (fungus) used? |
|
Definition
| fed to farmed salmon to make them red... usually this dye is found in the natural food salmon eat |
|
|
Term
| fungal enzymes can break down _______, which bacteria can't |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| magical mushrooms can be used in ____________ and are ____________ |
|
Definition
| religious sacraments/ culturally significant |
|
|
Term
| why are fungi good model systems? |
|
Definition
| can be easily manipulated, are Eukaryotes like people, easier to grow, and have a small genome sequence so it's easier to study |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have single posterior flagella, part of Unikonta, significant in fungi evolution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| significant in fungal evolution, single celled, collar around flagella, and are aquatic |
|
|
Term
| how many loses of flagella are found in a simplified evolutionary tree with an history of fungi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why were flagella lost, most likely? |
|
Definition
| move to terrestrial habitat |
|
|
Term
| fungi had a common ancestor that had flagellum. this is an example of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| due to shape of an evolutionary tree involving fungi, there is a lose, not a gain of flagella. what is the shape of the tree called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are five major groups of fungi? |
|
Definition
| chytrids, zygomycetes, glomeromycetes, dikarya, 5? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of fungus, flagellated cells, mostly unicellular, no fruiting bodies |
|
|
Term
| how are chytrids ecologically important? |
|
Definition
| are decomposers and pathogens |
|
|
Term
| one chytrid pathogen that effects frogs |
|
Definition
| Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis |
|
|
Term
| how does Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis enter frogs? |
|
Definition
| through their skin, one cause of disease, grows and emerges through skin |
|
|
Term
| microsporidia are closely related to ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eukaryotes, highly reduced mitochondria, small genomes |
|
|
Term
| why might microsporidia have a small genome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of fungus, paraphyletic, filamentous, mostly terrestrial, no flagella, no fruiting bodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rhizopus, zygomycete that grows on bread |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| zygomycete, can reproduce asexually/ grows in herbivore dung |
|
|
Term
| what is uber cool about hat-throwers? |
|
Definition
| they can aim their sporangia at light, build up pressure, and shoot spores to other plant material (other than the herbivore dung they live in) this way they will be eaten by herbivores to repeat the cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of fungus, filamentous, no fruiting bodies, no flagella, found in 70% of plants (ecologically important), have Arbuscules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "little trees", structure found glomeromycetes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| about as old as land plants, could have helped with root systems/ plant movement to land |
|
|
Term
| two types of dikarya (type of fungus) |
|
Definition
| ascomyceles and basidiomycetes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| filamentous/ yeasts, fruiting bodies, no flagellated cells |
|
|
Term
| Based on fossil evidence the… |
|
Definition
| Minimum age of the animals is ca. 570 million years |
|
|
Term
| The specialized cells that jellies and anemones use to sting their prey are called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
- jellies (“jellyfish”)
- sea anemones
-corals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In protostomes, the _____ becomes the ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Based on molecular phylogenetic analyses, the closest relative (i.e., the sister group) of the
chordates (Chordata) is the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| radial symmetry, cnidocyte, and diploblastic development are characteritics of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fungi that produce flagella are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The mycelium of a fungus is composed of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mycorrhizae are symbioses involving |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- is used to ferment alcoholic beverages
-was the first eukaryote to have its genome sequenced |
|
|
Term
| lungs and swim bladder are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An extinct organism with feathers, claws on its wings, and teeth was |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following groups of tetrapods includes ectothermic taxa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Muellerian (not Batesian) mimicry refers to the situation where |
|
Definition
| Two or more distasteful (or dangerous) species come to resemble each other |
|
|
Term
If a group of closely related species, derived from a common ancestor, evolve to have separate
niches, then this would be an example of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following processes increases the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following conditions is NOT required for a compound to undergo biological
magnification? |
|
Definition
| the compound decays spontaneously |
|
|
Term
| The bright colors of a poison-arrow frog are an example of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following statements about Animals is false? |
|
Definition
| All animals have either radial or bilateral symmetry |
|
|
Term
| Which group of primates is most closely related to the genus Homo? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following characteristics is present in some, but not all, members of the class
Osteichthyes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which organisms are the closest relatives of fungi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Organisms that are diploblastic lack a(n) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of these is not a basic feature of chordates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The possible causes of the Cambrian Explosion are or include which of the following? |
|
Definition
-Increase in predator‐prey relationships
-Diversification of Hox genes |
|
|
Term
| Seastars (part of Echinodermata) are… |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following are diseases caused by nematodes? |
|
Definition
-trichinosis
-river blindness
-elephantiasis |
|
|
Term
What ecological service do the fungi that are cultivated by attine (leaf cutter) ants perform for
the ants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| About how old is the species to which modern humans belong (Homo sapiens)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following would qualify as one of the biotic components of an ecosystem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| annual oscillation caused by |
|
Definition
The annual
variation is caused by seasonal differences in net carbon fixation vs. respiration by terrestrial plants in the
northern hemisphere (which contains most of the land mass of Earth). Plants in the nothern hemisphere
fix more carbon in the summer than in the winter. |
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|
