Term
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Definition
| self-reproduction, conversion of energy, growth, sense of environment and response, has cell(s), order and regulation |
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Term
| why are viruses weird when it comes to the definition of life? |
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Definition
| they meet all requirements except they don't have cells |
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Term
| definition of life: self reproduction is... |
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Definition
| passing on DNA and RNA, able to change over time/ evolution |
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Term
| definition of life: conversion of energy |
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Definition
| life and death, decomposition |
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Term
| definition of life: cells |
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Definition
| building blocks of life, one or many |
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Term
| how are viruses termed as alive? |
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Definition
| depends on how much you care about the cell requirement |
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Term
| new properties that emerge due to arrangement and interactions of parts |
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Definition
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Term
| example of emergent properties |
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Definition
| sodium + chloride = sodium chloride... a metal and poisonous gas combine to become table salt |
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Term
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Definition
| has mass and takes up space |
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Term
| what is matter made up of? |
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Definition
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Term
| substances that can’t be broken down by chemical reactions |
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Definition
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Term
| two or more elements in a fixed ratio |
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Definition
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Term
| about how many elements are essential to life? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are the major essential elements to life |
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Definition
| Carbon (C), nitrogen (N), Oxygen (O), hydrogen (H) -96 % of all living material |
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Term
| what are the minor elements essential to life? |
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Definition
| potassium (K), phosphorous (P), calcium (Ca 2+), sulfur (S)… 4% of all living material |
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Term
| all the other essential life elements (not major or minor) |
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Definition
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Term
| why are trace elements needed? |
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Definition
| in small amounts in plants and animals... iron and iodine |
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Term
| what can lack of iodine cause? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| an elements properties depend on what? |
|
Definition
| the structure of it's atoms |
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Term
| what atomic structures are found in the nucleus and what are their charges? |
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Definition
| protons (+) and neutrons (/) |
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Term
| what size are the atomic particles in the nucleus? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the atomic particles that cloud around the nucleus? what is their charge? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the size of electrons? |
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Definition
| about 1/1000 Dalton, so they don't really factor into atomic mass |
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Term
|
Definition
| number of protons in an element |
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Term
| atoms of an element have the same number of __________ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| neutrally charged atoms have the same number of ___________ |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| atomic mass -number of protons |
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Term
| _____________of an element differ in the number of neutrons they have |
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Definition
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|
Term
| atomic mass with isotopes.... |
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Definition
| the average mass of all isotopes |
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Term
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Definition
| makes up 99% of all carbon on earth and is a stable element |
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Term
|
Definition
| makes up 1% of the carbon on earth and is a stable element |
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Term
|
Definition
| very rare, unstable, radioactive element |
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Term
| radioactive decay of C 14 to |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| electron distribution determines |
|
Definition
| the chemical behavior of an atom |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| energy matter possesses because of structure and location |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| why do electrons have potential energy? |
|
Definition
| because of their arrangement in relation to the nucleus |
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Term
| the inner shell of electrons is _________ to the nucleus and has the ___________ energy |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the outer shell of electrons is __________ to the nucleus and has the ___________ energy |
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Definition
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|
Term
| energy is either absorbed or released when electrons |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| when electrons move closer to the nucleus... |
|
Definition
| the electron loses energy |
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|
Term
| when electrons move farther from the nucleus... |
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Definition
| the electron absorbs energy |
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Term
| electrons that move between electron shells the same distance have |
|
Definition
| a neutral net energy gain/loss |
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Term
| Chemical behavior of an atom depends on the number of |
|
Definition
| electrons in the outermost shell |
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Term
| elements in the same rows have the same |
|
Definition
| number of electron shells |
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Term
| elements in the same column have the same number |
|
Definition
| of electrons in the valence shell |
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|
Term
| each orbital around a nucleus holds |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| how many orbitals in the first electron shell? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| how many orbitals in the second electron shell? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| formation of chemical bonds results in |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds |
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Definition
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|
Term
| atoms share a pair of valence electrons |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| H2, one pair of valence electrons shared |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| space filling model of H2 |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| 02, two pairs of valence electrons shared |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| ion with a negative charge |
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Term
|
Definition
| ion with a negative charge |
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|
Term
| matter consists of chemical elements in _________ form and in ________ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| molecules are formed by _________ _______ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| bonds are made and broken by |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Water and Methane have _______ bonds |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| water exists in what states? |
|
Definition
| three: ice, liquid, vapor |
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Term
| all cells are surrounded by |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what in water molecules allow for hydrogen bonding? |
|
Definition
| polarity of water molecules |
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|
Term
| attraction of an electron to the nucleus of an atom, how strong it is |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| H atoms in H20 have a slight ( ) charge |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| O atoms in H2O have a slight ( ) charge |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| the H atoms with their slightly + charge are attracted to the O atoms of another water molecule with their slight - charge |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| four emergent properties of water |
|
Definition
| cohesion and adhesion, moderation of temperature, insulation of bodies of water by floating ice, solvent properties |
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Term
| binding together of like molecules |
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Definition
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|
Term
| clinging of one substance to another |
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Definition
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|
Term
| example of the transport of water through plants |
|
Definition
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|
Term
-grow 1-2 feet a year
-311-367 ft. tall
-branches are ~100 ft above the ground |
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Definition
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|
Term
| in the case of plants, adhesion and cohesion forces are greater than |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| water has a greater surface tension than |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of liquid |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| measurement of total kinetic energy; depends in part on volume |
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Definition
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|
Term
| measure of heat intensity; average kinetic energy of all molecules within container |
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Definition
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|
Term
| water stabilizes temperature due to its |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| amount of heat absorbed (or lost) for 1g of substance to change 1 degree Celsius |
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| liquid to gas requires a lot of |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| leaves producing gas leads to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| molecules with the greatest kinetic energy are hottest/ coldest |
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it is less dense than water |
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|
Term
| increase in volume water that is ice -> |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are hydrogen bonds more stable in water or ice? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| major component/ dissolving agent in solution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| minor component/ what is dissolved in solutions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| # of molecules of solute/ volume |
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|
Term
| solution where water is the solvent |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| water is nearly the ________ solvent |
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antimicrobial properties-breaks down stuff-dissolves in water |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are hydrophilic... examples |
|
Definition
| ionic solutions, polar compounds |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
-non-ionic solutes
-non-polar compounds
-stuff that cannot form H bonds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| H+ and OH- are very ________ |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| is a reflection of relative concentration of H+ and OH- ions |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| acids donate ________ in aqueous solutions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bases donate ______ or accept ______ in aqueous solutions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what properties or processes are associated with living organisms? |
|
Definition
| energy processing, evolutionary adaptation, growth and reproduction, and responses to environmental stimuli |
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|
Term
| carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen make up... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| atoms of a given element all have the same number of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the chemical behavior of an atom depends mostly on |
|
Definition
| the number of electrons in the valence (outer) shell |
|
|
Term
| in water molecules, hydrogen bonds form between a hydrogen atom of one water molecule and |
|
Definition
| an oxygen molecule on an adjacent water molecule |
|
|
Term
| what does a covalent bond involve? |
|
Definition
| the sharing of electrons between atoms |
|
|
Term
| when would an atom be most likely to become a cation? |
|
Definition
| when it only has one electron in the valence shell |
|
|
Term
| water's high specific heat is mainly a consequence of |
|
Definition
| absorption and release of heat when hydrogen bonds break and form |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| do buffers often contain a weak acid and corresponding base? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| minimizes the changes in concentration of OH- or H+ in a solution |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| can accept or donate H+ molecules |
|
Definition
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|
Term
In blood, the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffering system helps maintain pH. This buffering system can be
summarized as H2CO3 ↔ HCO3
- + H+. Which of the following best describes what happens when the pH of
blood begins to rise? |
|
Definition
the reaction proceeds to the right and more H2CO3 dissociates forming HCO3
- and H+. |
|
|
Term
Stanley Miller used laboratory simulations which mimicked the chemical conditions that were predicted for
the primitive Earth. His experiments demonstrated |
|
Definition
that a variety of organic compounds may have been synthesized abiotically on early Earth setting
the stage for the evolution of life. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| are organic molecules consisting only of carbon and hydrogen. |
|
|
Term
| fats, phospholipids and steroids are all classified as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Unsaturated fats have _____________ double bonds than saturated fats. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Calcium ion storage and lipid biosynthesis are associated with which organelle? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Under which conditions would you expect to find a cell with a large number of bound ribosomes? |
|
Definition
| In cells producing large amounts of secreted proteins. |
|
|
Term
In animal cells, acid hydrolases are packaged in an organelle to prevent general destruction of cellular
components. In which of the following organelles are the hydrolytic enzymes found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| both mitochondria and chloroplasts have what two organelles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
If you were to follow the production of insulin, a protein that is eventually secreted from cells in the pancreas,
the most likely pathway of movement would be: |
|
Definition
| rough ER ->golgi->vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
| Plasma membranes that are rich in unsaturated fatty acids |
|
Definition
| are more permeable than plasma membranes rich in saturated fatty acids. AND are more fluid than plasma membranes rich in saturated fatty acids. |
|
|
Term
| An animal cell placed in a hypotonic solution_________ |
|
Definition
| will gain water through osmosis |
|
|
Term
| Which term most precisely describes the cellular process of building larger molecules from smaller ones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An exergonic reaction proceeds... |
|
Definition
| with a net release of free energy |
|
|
Term
| an exergonic reaction has a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
a. ATP -> ADP + Pi
b. ADP + Pi -> ATP
c. glucose -> glycogen
d. glucose + fructose -> sucrose
which is exergonic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| less energy at end of graph of free energy means |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| difference between beginning and end |
|
|
Term
| Which of the letters on the graph indicates the activation energy in the presence of an enzyme (catalyst)? |
|
Definition
| smallest...difference between beginning and smaller graph |
|
|
Term
| The effect of an enzyme of a reaction is best summarized in which of the following statements? |
|
Definition
| An enzyme speeds the reaction by reducing the activation energy. |
|
|
Term
| Summarize the two central ideas of the cell theory |
|
Definition
a. Cells are the basic living units of organization and function
b. All cells come from other cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fats serve to cushion or protect internal organs, such as kidneys, it serves as insulation in
animals, helping to maintain body temperature, and can be used for energy storage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Monosaccharides can serve as fuels or building blocks of polysaccharides. Polysaccharides can
be used for energy storage (e.g. starch) or as structural material (e.g. chitin). |
|
|
Term
| Present two differences in the chemical composition of DNA and RNA molecules |
|
Definition
a. The sugar in nucleotides found in RNA is ribose while in DNA the sugar is deoxyribose.
b. The nucleotide thymine is found in DNA and is replaced by uracil in RNA. |
|
|
Term
Phospholipids are important components of cell membranes. Briefly summarize the structure of a
phospholipid (a clearly labeled diagram can be used) indicating hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions of the
molecule. Explain why phospholipids form bilayers when placed in water (8 points). |
|
Definition
A phospholipids has two fatty acids and one phosphate attached to a glycerol. The fatty acids are
hydrophobic and the phosphate group and glycerol are hydrophilic. A bilayer structure is formed with
the hydrophilic ("water loving") heads of the phospholipids in contact with water, whereas the
hydrophobic tails are in contact with each other and removed from water. |
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