Term
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Definition
| A small organic molecule containing an amino group (NH3), a carboxyl group (COOH), and a hydrogen atom. |
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Definition
| A macromolecule consisting of polypeptide chains, made up of amino acids. |
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Definition
| Molecules that contain a carbonyl group, several hydroxyl groups, and several carbon-hydrogen bonds. |
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Definition
| Any organic substance that does not dissolve in water, dissolves well in nonpolar organic sovents. |
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Definition
| Lipid having a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail. |
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Definition
| A macromolecule composed of nucleotide monomers. |
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Definition
| In eukaryotic celss, the large organelle containing the chromosomes and surrounded by a double membrane. |
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Definition
| Carries the genetic information of a cell. |
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Definition
| Single stranded and functions as structural components of ribosomes, transporters of amino acids, and translators of the message of the DNA code. |
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Definition
| The double layered membrane enclosing the necleus of a eukaryotic cell. |
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Definition
| All of the contents of a cell, excluding the nucleus, bounded by the plasma membrane. |
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Definition
| A network of interconnected membranous sacs and tubules found inside eukaryotic cells. |
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Definition
| A eukaryotic organelle, consisting of stacks of flattened membraneous sacs, that functions in processing and sorting proteins and lipids destined to be secreted or directed to other organelles. |
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Definition
| Small membrane-bounded organelles that carry secretory and membrane proteins in both directions between the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi complex, and from the Golgi to the cell surface or other destination. |
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Definition
| A membrane that surrounds a cell, separating it from the external environment and selectively regulating the passage of molecules and ions into and out of the cell. |
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Definition
| The movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane against an electrochemical gradient. |
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Definition
| Diffusion of a substance across a cell membrane. |
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Definition
| A solution has a greater solute concentration. |
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Definition
| A solution has a lower solute concentration. |
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Definition
| A unicellular organism lacking a nucleus and containing relatively few organelles or cytoskeletal components. |
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Term
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Definition
| An organism whose cells contain a nucleus, numerous membrane-bound organelles and an extensive cytoskeleton. |
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Term
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Definition
| Six-carbon monosaccharride whose oxidation in cellular respiration is the major source of ATP in animal cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Glucose is broken into two molecules of the three-carbon compound pyruvate; Two ATP molecules are produced from ADP, and one molecule of NAD+ is reduced to form NADH. |
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Term
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Definition
| Loss of electrons (electron donor). |
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Term
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Definition
| Gain of electrons (electron acceptor). |
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Term
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Definition
| A reactant that gains an electron and is reduced in a redox reaction. |
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Definition
| Readily donate electrons. |
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Term
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Definition
| A coenzyme involved in redox reactions. |
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Term
| Substrate-Level Phosphorylation |
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Definition
| Enzyme-catalyzed reactions that result in ATP production. |
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Term
| Oxidative Phosphorylation |
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Definition
| Production of ATP molecules from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain. |
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Definition
| The end product of glycolysis, which is converted into acetyl coA. |
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Term
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Definition
| When an enzyme in a pathway is inhibited by the product of the reaction sequence. |
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Term
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Definition
| A large, membrane-bound protein complex in chloroplasts, mitochondria, and some bacteria that uses the energy of protons flowing through it to synthesize ATP. |
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Term
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Definition
| An energetic coupling mechaism whereby energy stored in an electrochemical proton gradient is used to drive an energy requiring process |
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Term
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Definition
| An atomic particle with a positive charge and a mass of about 1 amu. |
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Term
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Definition
| A eurkaryotic organelle that is bounded by a double membrane and is the site of aerobic respiration. |
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Term
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Definition
| Central compartment of a mitochondrion, which is lined by the inner membrane; contains the enzymes and substrates of the citric acid cycle. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chlorophyll containing organelle, bounded by a double membrane, in which photosynthesis occurs. |
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Term
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Definition
| The stream of protons through ATP synthase causing conformational changes that drive the phosphorylation of ADP. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of generating energy by the full oxidation of nutrients through Krebs cycle where oxygen is the final electron acceptor. |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of cellular respiration that occurs when oxygen is absent or scarce. |
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Definition
| Any organism that can perform aerobic respiration when oxygen is available to serve as an electron acceptor but can switch to fermentation when it is not. |
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Term
| Light Dependent Reactions |
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Definition
| The reaction taking place in the chloroplast in which the absorption of a photon leads to the formation of ATP and NADPH. |
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Term
| Light-Independent Reactions |
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Definition
| The series of biochemical reactions in photosynthesis that do not require light to proceed, and ultimately produce organic molecules from carbon dioxide. |
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Term
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Definition
| A flattened, membrane-bound vesicle inside plant chloroplast that functions in converting light energy to chemical energy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mitochondria and chloroplast evolved from prokaryotes that were engulfed by host cells and took up a symbiotic existence within those cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Graph showing the amount of light absorbed versus wavelength. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pigments responsible for the capture of light energy during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. |
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Definition
| Serves as an electron carrier. |
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Term
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Definition
| In eukaryotic cells, the process of nuclear division that results in two daughter nuclei genetically identical to the parent nucleus. |
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Term
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Definition
| In sexually reproducing organisms, a special two stage type of cell division in which one diploid parent cell produces four haploid reproductive cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Paired strands of a recently replicated chromosome. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chromosomes that are similar in size, shape, and gene content. |
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Term
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Definition
| The number of complete sets of chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The exchange of segments of non-sister chromatids between a pair of homologous chromosomes that occurs during meiosis I. |
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Definition
| First stage of meiosis where chromosomes become visible and the spindle apparatus forms, while synapsis and crossing over occur. |
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Term
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Definition
| A stage in meiosis where chromosomes are moved to opposite ends of the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| The end-to-end chemical orientation of a single strand of nucleic acid. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process whereby a copy of a DNA molecule is made and thus the genetic information it contains is duplicated. |
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Definition
| The process by which proteins and peptides are synthesized from messenger RNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which RNA is made from a DNA template. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of gene mutation wherein the addition or deletion of nucleotides causes a shift in the reading frame of the codons in the mRNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any enzyme that catalyzes synthesis of DNA from deoxyribonucleotides. |
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Term
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Definition
| any change in the heredity material of an organism. |
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Term
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Definition
| Crossing over between homologous chromosomes that are not precisely paired, resulting in nonreciprocal exchange of material and chromosomes of unequal length. |
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Term
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Definition
| An error that can occur during meiosis or mitosis in which one daughter cell receives two copies of a particular chromosome and the other daughter cell receives none. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any heritable characteristic of an individual. |
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Term
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Definition
| A section of DNA that encodes information for building one or more related polypeptides or functional RNA molecules along with the regulatory sequences required for its transcription. |
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Term
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Definition
| The inheritance pattern of a system involving incomplete dominance. |
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Term
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Definition
| The acquisition of traits genetically transmitted from parents to offspring. |
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Term
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Definition
| A particular version of a gene. |
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Term
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Definition
| Allele that determines the phenotype of a heterozygous individual. |
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Term
| Principle of Independent Assortment |
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Definition
| Concept that each pair of hereditary elements behaves independently of other genes during meiosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| A physical association between two genes because they are on the same chromosome. |
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Term
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Definition
| An inheritance pattern in which the heterozygote phenotype is a blend or combination of both homozygous phenotypes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A short nucleotide sequence in DNA that binds RNA polymerase, enabling transcription to begin. |
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Term
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Definition
| A region of a eukaryotic gene that is translated into a peptide or protein. |
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Term
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Definition
| A region of a eukaryotic gene that is transcribed into RNA but is later removed, so it is not translated into a peptide or protein. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of RNA from ribodeoxynucleotides using a DNA template. |
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Term
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Definition
| Protein required for recognition by RNA polymerases of specific stimulatory sequences in eukaryotic genes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Strand of DNA or RNA that is transcribed by RNA polymerase to create RNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| In eukaryotes a large complex assembly of snRPNs that catalyzes removal of introns from primary RNA transcripts. |
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Term
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Definition
| RNA molecule that carries encoded information, transcribed from DNA, that specifies the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide. |
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Term
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Definition
| RNA molecule that has an anticodon at one end and an amino acid binding site at the other. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sequence of three nucleotides in DNA or RNA that codes for a certain amino acid or that initiates or terminates protein synthesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| The sequence of three bases in a transfer RNA molecule that can bind to a mRNA codon with a complementary sequence. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which individuals with certain heritable traits tend to produce more surviving offspring than do individuals without those traits. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any trace of an organism that existed in the past. |
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Term
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Definition
| A trait that is intermediate between a condition observed in ancestral species and the condition in more derived species. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any rudimentary structure of unknown or minimal function that is homologous to functioning structures in other species. |
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Term
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Definition
| Structural or behavioural similarity in terms of functions between unrelated species or organisms but do not share a common ancestral or developmental origin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Similarity among organisms of different species due to their inheritance from a common ancestor. |
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Term
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Definition
| The independent evolution of analogous traits in distantly related organisms due to adaption to similar environments and a similar way of life. |
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Term
| Observed Allele Frequency |
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Definition
| Visibly how frequent the allele expression of a particular gene arises in a population. |
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Term
| Hardy-Weinbery Equilibrium |
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Definition
| Genotype frequencies in a large population do not change from generation to generation in the absence of evolutionary processes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of individuals from one population to another. |
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Term
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Definition
| The movement of alleles between populations; occurs when individuals leave one population, join another, and breed. |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| Fitness declines due to deleterious recessive alleles that are homologous. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any change in allele frequencies due to random events. |
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Term
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Definition
| A reduction in allelic diversity resulting from a sudden reduction in the size of a large population due to a random event. |
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Term
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Definition
| A change in allele frequencies that often occurs when a new population is established from a small group of individuals due to sampling error. |
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Term
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Definition
| Founder events + selection. |
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Term
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Definition
| The evolution of two or more distinct species from a single ancestral species. |
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Term
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Definition
| The divergence of populations into different species by physical isolation of populations in different geographic areas. |
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Term
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Definition
| The divergence of populations living within the same geographic area into different species as the result of their genetic isolation. |
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Term
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Definition
| The movement of individuals from their place of origin to a new location. |
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Term
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Definition
| The physical splitting of a population into smaller, isolated populations by a geographic barrier. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pattern of natural selection that favors extreme phenotypes at both ends of the range of phenotypic variation. Maintains overall genetic variation in the population. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pattern of natural selection that favors one extreme phenotype with the result that the average phenotype of the population changes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pattern of natural selection that favors phenotypes near the middle of the range of phenotypic variation. |
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Term
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Definition
| The state of having more than two full sets of chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The act or process of mating organisms of different varieties or species to create a hybrid. |
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Term
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Definition
| The definition of a species as a population or group of populations that have measurably different anatomical features from other groups. |
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Definition
| The definition of a species as a population or group of populations that are reproductively isolated from other groups. |
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Definition
| Distinguishing among different types of organisms in terms of degrees of niche overlap. |
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Term
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Definition
| The definition of a species as the smallest monophyletic group in a phylogenetic tree. |
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Term
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Definition
| All the organisms that live in a geographic area, together with the nonliving components that affect or exchange materials with the organisms. |
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Definition
| Energy that is invested new tissue or offspring. |
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Definition
| Total amount of photosynthesis in a given area and time period. |
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Definition
| Any organism that can synthesize reduced organic compounds from simple inorganic sources such as CO2 and CH4. |
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Definition
| An organism, typically a plant, obtaining energy from sunlight as its source of energy. |
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Term
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Definition
| An organism that can synthesize its own food from inorganic sources. |
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Definition
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Definition
| Obtain energy by feeding on the remains of other organisms or waste products. |
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Definition
| Type of source organisms obtain their energy from. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hypothesis that population size is limited by predators or herbivores. |
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Term
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Definition
| A series of changes in the abundance of species in a food web, usually caused by the addition or removal of a key predator. |
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Definition
| An exotic species that, upon introduction to a new area, spreads rapidly and competes successfully with native species. |
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Term
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Definition
| A species that has an exceptionally great impact on the other species in its ecosystem relative to its abundance. |
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Term
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Definition
| An increase in concentration at higher levels in a food chain. |
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Definition
| An inescapable compromise between two traits that cannot be optimized simultaneously. |
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Term
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Definition
| The proportion os offspring that survive to a particular age. |
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Term
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Definition
| The average number of female offspring produced by a single female in the course of her lifetime. |
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Definition
| High mortality in old age. |
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Definition
| Constant mortality rates. |
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Definition
| High infant and juvenile mortality. |
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Definition
| The accelerating increase in the size of a population that occurs when the growth rate is constant and density independent. |
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Term
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Definition
| The maximum population size of a certain species that a given habitat can support. |
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Term
| Intrinsic Rate of Increase |
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Definition
| The rate at which a population will grow under optimal conditions. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Species whose populations are governed by their biotic potential (maximum reproductive capacity, r). |
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Term
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Definition
| species whose populations fluctuate at or near the carrying capacity (K) of the environment in which they reside. |
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Definition
| A population made up of many small, physically isolated populations. |
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Definition
| All the species that interact with each other in a certain area. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ecological space that a species occupies in its habitat in the absence of competitors. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ecological space that a species occupies in the presence of competitors. |
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Term
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Definition
| The interaction of two species or two individuals trying to use the same limited resource. |
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Term
| Intraspecific Competition |
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Definition
| Competition between members of the same species for the same limited resource. |
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Term
| Interspecific Competition |
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Definition
| Competition between members of different species for the same limited resource. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ecological competition between two species in which both suffer similar declines in fitness. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ecological competition between two species in which one species suffers a much greater fitness decline than the other. |
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Definition
| The change in resource use by competing species that occurs as the result of character displacement. |
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Definition
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Definition
| The killing and eating of one organism by another. |
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Definition
| A symbiotic relationship between two organisms that is beneficial to one organism but detrimental to the other. |
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Term
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Definition
| The practice of eating plant tissues. |
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Term
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Definition
| A symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is not harmed. |
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Term
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Definition
| A symbiotic relationship between two organisms that benefits both. |
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Definition
| The diversity of life considered at three levels. |
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Definition
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Definition
| Variety and abundance of species in community. |
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Definition
| Variety of biotic and abiotic features in a region. |
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Definition
| The condition of having a population so dense as to cause environmental deterioration, an impaired quality of life, or a population crash. |
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Definition
| Harvesting a renewable resource to the point of diminishing returns. |
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Definition
| The process by which natural habitat is destroyed to such an extent that it no longer is capable of supporting the species and ecological communities that naturally occur there. |
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Term
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Definition
| When a habitat is disturbed, or made into smaller habitats. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process in which natural habitat is rendered functionally unable to support the species present. |
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