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Biology 101 - Chapter 11
Biology 101 - Chapter 11 How Genes are Controlled
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Biology
Undergraduate 1
11/04/2013

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Term
cellular differentiation
Definition
specialized in structure and function
Term
gene regulation
Definition
turning on and off genes
Term
gene expression
Definition
overall process by which genetic information flows from genes to proteins
-> from genotype to phenotype
Term
operon
Definition
cluster of genes with related functions along with the DNA control sequences
Term
promoter
Definition
control sequence
-site where the enzyme RNA polymerase attaches and initiates transcription
Term
operator
Definition
DNA segment between the promoter and the enzyme genes
-acts as a switch that is turned on or off, depending on whether a specific protein is bound here
Term
repressor
Definition
protein that binds to the operator and physically blocks the attachment of RNA polymerase to the promoter
Term
X chromosome inactivation
Definition
takes pace early in embryonic development, when one of the two X chromosomes in each cell is inactivated at random. After one X chromosome is inacivated in each embryonic cell, all of that cell's descendants will have the same x chromosome turned off
Term
transcription factors
Definition
proteins acting in concert to bind to DNA sequences
Term
enhancers
Definition
DNA sequences that are bound to proteins during transcription
Term
silencers
Definition
repressor proteins that may bind to DNA sequences inhibiting the start of transcription
Term
activators
Definition
proteins that turn genes on by binding to DNA
Term
alternative RNA splicing
Definition
exon splicing can occur in more than one way, generating different mRNA molecules from the same starting RNA molecule
Term
signal transduction pathway
Definition
series of molecular changes that converts a signal received outside a cell to a specific response inside the target cell
Term
homoetic genes
Definition
master control genes that regulate groups of other genes that determine what body parts will develop in which locations
Term
DNA microarray
Definition
glass slide with thousands of different kinds of single-stranded DNA fragments attached to wells in a tightly spaced array. Each DNA fragment is obtained from a particular gene; a single microarray carries DNA from thousands of genes, perhaps even all the genes of an organism
Term
complementary DNA
Definition
(cDNA) DNA that is produced from mixing a collection of mRNA with a viral enzyme called reverse transcriptase
Term
regeneration
Definition
naturally occurring process in animals, the regrowth of lost body parts
Term
nuclear transplantation
Definition
replacing the nucleus of an egg cell or a zygote with a nucleus removed from a adult body cell, after repeated cell divisions a blastocyst forms, a hollow ball of about 100 cells
Term
reproductive cloning
Definition
implanting the blastocyst into the uterus of a surrogate mother, resulting in an animal "clone" of the donor
Term
embryonic stem cells
Definition
derived from blastocyts in mammals, during develop,0
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