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| specialized in structure and function |
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overall process by which genetic information flows from genes to proteins
-> from genotype to phenotype |
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| cluster of genes with related functions along with the DNA control sequences |
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control sequence
-site where the enzyme RNA polymerase attaches and initiates transcription |
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DNA segment between the promoter and the enzyme genes
-acts as a switch that is turned on or off, depending on whether a specific protein is bound here |
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| protein that binds to the operator and physically blocks the attachment of RNA polymerase to the promoter |
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| X chromosome inactivation |
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| takes pace early in embryonic development, when one of the two X chromosomes in each cell is inactivated at random. After one X chromosome is inacivated in each embryonic cell, all of that cell's descendants will have the same x chromosome turned off |
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| proteins acting in concert to bind to DNA sequences |
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| DNA sequences that are bound to proteins during transcription |
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| repressor proteins that may bind to DNA sequences inhibiting the start of transcription |
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| proteins that turn genes on by binding to DNA |
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| exon splicing can occur in more than one way, generating different mRNA molecules from the same starting RNA molecule |
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| signal transduction pathway |
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| series of molecular changes that converts a signal received outside a cell to a specific response inside the target cell |
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| master control genes that regulate groups of other genes that determine what body parts will develop in which locations |
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| glass slide with thousands of different kinds of single-stranded DNA fragments attached to wells in a tightly spaced array. Each DNA fragment is obtained from a particular gene; a single microarray carries DNA from thousands of genes, perhaps even all the genes of an organism |
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| (cDNA) DNA that is produced from mixing a collection of mRNA with a viral enzyme called reverse transcriptase |
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| naturally occurring process in animals, the regrowth of lost body parts |
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| replacing the nucleus of an egg cell or a zygote with a nucleus removed from a adult body cell, after repeated cell divisions a blastocyst forms, a hollow ball of about 100 cells |
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| implanting the blastocyst into the uterus of a surrogate mother, resulting in an animal "clone" of the donor |
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| derived from blastocyts in mammals, during develop,0 |
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