Term
| What macromolecule is synthesized to make ATP? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most common fuel used by organisms? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe Chemical Energy. How is it known? |
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Definition
Type of potential energy.
Location of electrons in molecules |
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Term
| How do you know an electron has high potential energy? |
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Definition
| Two negative electrons are close to each other |
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Term
| What is an inorganic phosphate? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why are O's on phosphate groups negative? |
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Definition
| because they are not double bonded |
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Term
| Is the phosphorylation of proteins Exergonic or endergonic |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Electrical Repulsion |
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Definition
| Electrons with the same charges wanting to repel from each other. |
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Term
| Why is protein movement so important? |
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Definition
it is how materials and ions enter the cell.
it is how flagella and cilia move |
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Term
| What causes proteins to move? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are activated subtrates? What type of reaction creates them? |
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Definition
phosphorylated reactants.
endergonic and exergonic |
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Term
| What is an activated substrate used for? What type of reaction is that? |
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Definition
to combine itself with another reactant
endergonic and exergonic |
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Term
| What is energetic coupling |
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Definition
| Exergonic and endergonic reactions happening together |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Adosine, ribose, and three phosphate groups |
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Term
| How do you determine a redox reaction? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the addition or removal of H+ Ions |
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Definition
| adding is reducing, removing is oxidizing |
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Term
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Definition
| The conversion of Glucose into two molecules of pyruvate |
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Term
| What is the 1st step of Glycolysis |
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Definition
| ATP is used to make Glucose 6-phosphate |
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Term
| What is the 2nd step of glycolysis? |
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Definition
| Glucose 6-phosphate is converted into fructose 6-phosphate |
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Term
| What is the third step of Glycolysis? |
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Definition
| Fructose 6-phosphate is converted into Fructose 6-biphosphate by phosphfructokinase |
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Term
| What is the 5th step of glycolysis? |
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Definition
| Fructose 6-biphosphate is split in two |
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Term
| What is the 6th step of glycolysis? |
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Definition
| 2 NAD+ is reduced to 2 NADH |
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Term
| What is the 7th step of Glycolysis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the 10th step of glycolysis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Substrate-level Phosphorylation? |
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Definition
| An Enzyme makes ATP by using an activated substrate with ADP |
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Term
| What is significant about Phosphofructokinase? |
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Definition
| it has a regulatory site, high ATP means slow conversion from fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 6-biphosphate |
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Term
| Where does Pyruvate Processing happen? |
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Definition
| in the Mitochondrial Matrix |
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Term
| How does Pyruvate enter the Mito Matrix? What type of transport? Where is the protein sitting? |
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Definition
Pyruvate Carrier, goes through pores
Active
Inner Membrane |
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Term
| What is the Formula for Acetyl? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Pyruvate Dehydrogenase? Where is it located? |
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Definition
Enzyme complex.
inside mitochondrial matrix |
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Term
| What three things go in to processing Pyruvate |
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Definition
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Term
| What three things come out of processing pyruvate? |
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Definition
| Acetyl CoA, CO2, and NADH |
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Term
| What is CoA? What does CoA do? |
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Definition
Coenzyme A
Accepts and transfers acetyl group to pyruvate |
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Term
| How is Pyruvate turned into Aceytl CoA |
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Definition
| Nad+ is reduced to NADH, which oxidizes a carbon from pyruvate to CO2, and CoA binds. |
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Term
| What are three carboxylic acids? What is the common formula? |
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Definition
Citrate, Malate, and Sucinate
R-COOH |
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Term
| How many carboxlyic acids are involved in the Citric Acid cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What two ways is the Citric Acid cycle regulated? |
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Definition
ATP acts as an allosteric regulator
NADH acts as a competitive inhibitor |
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Term
| What are the reactants of the Citric Acid Cycle? |
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Definition
| NAD+, FAD+, and Aceytl CoA |
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Term
| What is the exact number of products produced for ONE Acetyl CoA in the Citric Acid Cycle? |
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Definition
| 3 NADH, 1 FADH2 , and 1 GTP or ATP |
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Term
| Where are GTP molecules normally used? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are ATP molecules normally used? |
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Definition
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Term
| What highly oxidized molecule is released in the Citric Acid cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 8 carboxlyic acids? In Order. |
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Definition
Citrate, Isocitrate, (alpha)Ketoglutarate, Succinyl CoA, Succinate, Fumarate, Malate, and Oxaloacetate
C.I.K.Soa.S.F.M.O. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How are electrons passed in the ETC? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is oxidative phosphorylation? |
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Definition
| oxidizing NADH & FADH2 to make ATP |
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Term
| What protein accepts NADH in the ETC? |
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Definition
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Term
What protein accepts FADH2.
What happens next? |
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Definition
Fe-S (Iron-Sulfur Protein)
Goes to Q |
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Term
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Definition
Carbon ring attached to Isoprene
Lipid Soluble
Transfers e- from complex I and II to complex III
Releases H+ into Cristae |
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Term
| What two protein complexes in the ETC pump protons into the Cristae? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do the Protein Complexes do? |
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Definition
| They willing do redox reactions |
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Term
| Explain the Polarity of the ETC proteins |
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Definition
| vary from starting low to high |
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Term
| What is a Proton-motive force? |
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Definition
| When protons need to be pumped out to reach equilibrium |
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Term
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Definition
| Production of ATP via Proton Gradient |
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Term
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Definition
| Protein used to transfer electrons between complex III and IV |
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Term
| How many protein/cofactor complexes are in the ETC? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Converts ADP + Pi into ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| Transports Protons to spin rotor of F1 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How many molecules of ATP are made from ETC/Chemiosmosis |
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Definition
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Term
| How many molecules of ATP are made from Cellular Respiration? |
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Definition
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Term
How much NADH is made from Glycolysis?
How much ATP? |
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Definition
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Term
How much NADH is made in the Krebs Cycle for one turn?
How much FADH2
How much ATP? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| Metabolic pathway that oxidizes NADH into NAD+ |
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Term
| What is allowed to keep functioning because of Fermentation? |
|
Definition
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Term
| What becomes the e- acceptor during fermentation? |
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Definition
| Pyruvate or a similar molecule |
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Term
| What is pyruvate made of? |
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Definition
| a carboxyl group and CoCH3 |
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Term
| How does Glycolysis generate ATP? |
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Definition
| subtrate-level phosphorylation |
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Term
| What is Lactic Acid Fermentation? |
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Definition
| when pyruvate becomes an e- acceptor |
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Term
| What is Lactate composed of? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who performs Alcohol fermentation? What does it create? Composed of? |
|
Definition
fungus (yeast)
acetaldehyde
2-carbon molecule |
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Term
| What does acetalehyde do? What is released? What does it become? |
|
Definition
it accepts e-
CO2
it becomes ethanol |
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Term
| What are facultative aerobes? |
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Definition
| Able to switch from Cellular respiration to Fermentation when oxygen is not available. |
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