Term
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Definition
| It is a segment of DNA. Used to build RNA and polypeptides |
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Term
| What are the components of a prokaryote? |
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Definition
Capsule, Cell Wall, Flagella, Bacterial Chromosome, Plasmids, Ribosomes, Nucleoid.
C.C.F.B.P.R.N. |
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Term
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Definition
| A DNA molecule independent of the bacterial chromosome. |
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Term
| What is the cytoskeleton made of? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| everything inside the cell. |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the Cell Wall? |
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Definition
| Prevents hypo/hyper tonic problems |
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Term
| What are the four tasks of bacterial organelles? |
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Definition
1. Store calcium and key ions.
2. Hold Magnetite
3. Organize enzymes invovled in carbon synthesis
4.Deactivate ammonium enzymes |
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Term
| What are the two benefits of compartmentalizing? |
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Definition
1. mutiple, different reactions can go on at once.
2. Chemical reactions occur with materials close by |
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Term
| What is the Nuclear Envelope? |
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Definition
| A bilayer membrane with studded pores. |
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Term
| What is the Nuclear Lamina? |
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Definition
| A chain like membrane that connects to chromosomes. |
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Term
| Where is the Nucleolus? What does it create? What does it assemble? |
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Definition
Region inside Nucleus that manufactures RNA.
Also assembles ribosomes. |
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Term
| What does the Nuclear Envelope connect with? |
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Definition
| The Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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Term
| Describe the purpose of the Rough ER. Describe outside surface |
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Definition
Studded with ribosomes.
Folding of proteins happens here. |
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Term
| Explain how polypeptides enter Rough ER |
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Definition
| Ribosomes start the sequence with specific amino acid sequence that attracts a SRP that attaches to the gated-channel protein attached to the membrane of the Rough ER. The polypeptide then enters the Rough ER |
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Term
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Definition
| It is the interior of the ER |
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Term
| What happens in the lumen? |
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Definition
| Proteins are folded along with other processes. |
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Term
| What three things happen in the Smooth ER? |
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Definition
1. Enzymes catalyze lipids
2. Stores Ca
3. Manufactures phospholipids |
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Term
| What are the Sacs called in the Golgi Apparatus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two sides of the Cisternae? Which is which? |
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Definition
Cis and Trans
Cis is beginning, cisternae continues to grow from there.
Trans is end, finished products leave from there. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fluid-portion of cytoplasm |
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Term
| What do peroxisomes do? How many layers? |
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Definition
One layer
oxidizes atoms and molecules (removes electrons) |
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Term
| What do peroxisomes create? How is it converted? Into What? |
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Definition
| Hydrogen peroxide. Catalase converts it into H2O and O2 |
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Term
| What do Glyoxysomes do? What organisms have them? |
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Definition
Plants.
They convert fats into starch. |
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Term
| Explain the interior of lysosomes. What does it do? What are the enzymes inside called? |
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Definition
Interior is acidic because of proton pumps.
Breaks down the four macromolecules.
Enzymes are called Acid Hydrolases
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Term
| What pH do the lysosome enzymes work best in? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| When the cells membranes blend together, then broken down. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cell comes from outside, given a membrane, then fused and broken down |
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Term
| What is Receptor-mediated endocytosis? Four steps. |
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Definition
1. Macromolecules attach to Receptors
2. Folded membrane, becomes early endosome
3. Gets proton pumps, lowers pH
4. Receives digestive enzymes from Golgi Apparatus, becomes lysosome. |
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Term
| What are three kinds of vacuoles? |
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Definition
1. Seeds contain proteins in vacuoles.
2. Petals contain pigments for colors in vacuoles.
3. Vacuoles can contain nicotine, morphine, and caffeine. |
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Term
| What is the inside solution of the mitochondria called? Two unique properties of mitochondria. |
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Definition
Mitochondrial matrix.
Own DNA and Ribosomes |
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Term
| How many layers in Mitochondria and Chloroplasts? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two components of a Chloroplast? |
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Definition
Thylakoid stacks=grana
Stroma |
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Term
| Explain structure of wood |
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Definition
| Has secondary cell wall made of lignin |
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Term
| What is the nuclear pore made of? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Messenger RNA, carries info to create proteins into cytoplasm |
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Term
| How do proteins enter the Nuclear Pores? What is it called? |
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Definition
They have tags attached to them.
Nuclear Localization Signal |
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Term
| What is a key example of how organelles interact? |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of cells have large RER and Golgi Apparatus? |
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Definition
| Cells that secrete digestive enzymes, hormones |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The process of adding one or more carbs to a protein |
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Term
| What happens after glycosylation? |
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Definition
| Vesicles take proteins to GA |
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Term
| What happens to the protein in the Golgi Apparatus? Why? |
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Definition
Enzymes remove the sugar and add a carbohydrate-phosphate.
Determines destination. |
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