Term
|
Definition
| learning about a structure by studying its parts |
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Term
|
Definition
| characteristics not found at lower levels which is particular for each level [populations have populaton density, age structure, etc; but this does not apply to individuals but to them as a whole] |
|
|
Term
cellular respiration
[for producers or autotrophs] |
|
Definition
process taht releases some of the energy stored in the nutrient molcules
carbon dioxide + water + light energy = sugars (food) + oxygen |
|
|
Term
cellular respiration
[for consumers or heterotrophs] |
|
Definition
process that releases some of the enrgy stored in the nutrient molecules
sugars (and other food molecules) + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + energy |
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Term
|
Definition
| begins with general principle |
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Term
|
Definition
| begins with specific observations |
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Term
|
Definition
| set of assumptions or ceoncepts that consittute a way of thinking about reality [a change would be considered a paradigm shift] |
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Term
|
Definition
| Archaea ; Bacteria ; Eukarya |
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Term
|
Definition
| Archaea ; Bacteria ; Protista ; Plantae ; Fungi ; Animalia |
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|
Term
| Taxonomy : naming an organism |
|
Definition
| first genus ; second specific epithet [species] |
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|
Term
| the hierarchy of biological organization |
|
Definition
| chemical level ; cellular level ; tissue ; organ ; organ system ; organim ; population ; community ; ecosystem ; biosphere |
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Term
|
Definition
| number of protnos or electrons |
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Term
|
Definition
| how much matter it contains where it 1amu equals the mass of a proton and neutron |
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Term
|
Definition
| the transfer of an electron that also inovoles the transfer of the nergy of that electron |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| intereactions with water molecules [have an affinity for water or are "water loving"] polar molecules |
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Term
|
Definition
| interactions between nonpolar molecules or "water fearing" |
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Term
|
Definition
| total kinetic energy of the particles within a given substance |
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Term
|
Definition
| average kinetic energy of the particles in a given substance |
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Term
|
Definition
| amoutn of energy required to raise the temperature of water |
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Term
|
Definition
| amount of heat energy required to change 1 g of a substance fromthe liquid phae to the vapor phase |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a substance that dissociates in solution to form H+ ions and and anions |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| substances that dissociate to yield OH- and cations |
|
|
Term
| calculating the pH values and OH- or H+ ion concentrations |
|
Definition
[H+][OH-] = 1x 10^-14
example: [H+] = 10^-2
[OH-] = 10^-7 [-14- (-x)]
log [H+] = pH value [positive value]
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when a salt, an acid, or a base is dissolved in water, it dissociated ions can conduct an electric currect |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| sugar, alcohols, and many other substances taht do not form ions when dissovled in water, and do not conduct an electric current |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| compound in which the hydrogen ion of an acid is replaced by some other cation [NaCl] |
|
|
Term
| isomers [what kinds are there?] |
|
Definition
have the same molecular formular but different structures
structural isomers= difference in covalent arrangements between atoms
geometric isomers = difference in spatial arrangement [cis ; trans]
enantiomers = mirror like images of each other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produced by linkng small organic compounds called monomers and can be degraded by hyrdolysis [linked by condensation reactions] |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| linkage that consists of oxygen that is connected to two carbons to forma a dissacharide |
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Term
|
Definition
| macromolecules consisting of repeating units of simple sugars |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
consists of glycerol joined to three fatty acids and formed by three condensation reactions
[image][image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| covalent linkage between glycerol's hydroxl grops and carboxyl group on fatty acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rightly folded polypeptid chains that form long fibers, rougly spherical shapes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mediate the folding of protein molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transmit hereditary information and determines what proteins a cell manufactures (DNA and RNA); polymers of nucelotides; consist of [deoxyribose or ribose ; one or more phosphate groups ; nitrogenous base (purine or pyrimidine) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| solid at room temperature because they have no double bonds, which lead a greater amount stacked on top of one another by van der Walls interactions of hydrophobic molecules or nonpolar molecules [palmitic acid] |
|
|
Term
| monounsaturated fatty acids |
|
Definition
| contain one double bond; not fully saturated with hydrogen; tend to be liquid [trans fatty acid are an exception: they are technically monounsaturated fatty acids but the trans arrangement of the double bond allow for more hydrogen bonding and thus, it is a solid at room temperature] |
|
|
Term
| polyunsaturated fatty acids |
|
Definition
| two or more double bonds; tend to be liquid at room temperature |
|
|
Term
| primary structure of a protein |
|
Definition
| consists of the sequence of amino acids joined by polypeptide bonds [C-N] |
|
|
Term
| secondary structure of a protein |
|
Definition
alpha helix is due to the hydrogen bonding to the oxygen
beta-helix is due to hydrogen bonding of two polypeptide chains that results in the fold back |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| overal shape due to hydrogen bonds betwen R gorups, ionic bond between negative and positive charges, hydrophobic interactions of nonpolar molecules, and covalent bonds with any disulfide functional groups if any are present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fingerlike projections of the plasma membrane that increases the surface area-to volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| technique for purifying different parts of the cell so taht they can be studied separately |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| not enclosed by a membrane; contains a nucleolar organizer, made up of chromosomal regions containing instruction for making the type of RNA in ribosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| membrane-enclosed organelles containing enzymes that catalyze an assortment of metabolic reactions in which hydrogen is transferred from vairous compounds to oxygen |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a group of organelles that produce and store food materials in cells of plants and algae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are produced when proplastids are stimulated by exposure to light |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unpigmented plastids; they include amyloplasts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| moves organelles toward the plus end of a microtubule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transports organelles to the negative side of a microtubule [retrograde transport] |
|
|
Term
centromere microtubule structure?
flagella or cilia microtubule structure?
 |
|
Definition
centromere [9x3]
flagella or cilia [9+2] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| releases energy and is said to be spontaneous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gain in free energy [delta G is positive] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exergonic reactions that drive the endergonic reactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formation from the phosphorlyation reactions that transfers a phosphate group from ATP to a compound forming ADP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bind to the allosteric site of an enzyme which changes the shape of the enzyme and doesn't allow for the subtrate to bind to the enzyme [inhibits an ES complex] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| releases energy by splitting complex molecules into smaller components |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler building blocks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two hydrogen atoms are removed from the substrate and transferred to NAD+ or FAD |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reactions in which part of a carboxyl group is removed from the substrate as a molecule of CO2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| do not use oxygen as the final electron acceptor and is performed by some prokaryotes [nitrogen cycle] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carry out aerobic respiration when oxygen is available but switch to fermentation when there is lack of oxygen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the pigment that initiates the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis [functional group : methyl group] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| accessory pigment that also participates in photosynthesis [functional group = aldehyde] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exposed spirogyra cells to a color spectrum and saw where the bacteria swam to |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reactions divided into two phases, the light-dependent reactions and the carbon fixation reactions where ATP and NADPH are the products of the light-dependent reactions and carbohydrates ar produced during the carbon fixation reactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consists of a pair of chlorophyll a molecules with an absorption peak at 700 nm and is referred to as P700 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| made up a pair of chlorophyll a molecules with an absorption peak of about 680 nm and is referred to as P680 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs in the present of light and as in aerobic respiration, it requires oxygen and produces CO2 and H2O |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| physical carriers of genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proteins that facilitate chromosome packaging |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nonhistone proteins that help maintain chromosome structure in extended chromatin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proteins that are required for chromosome compaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| located in the middle of each mictrotubule-organizing center. surrounded by fibrils that make up the peri-centriolar material |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sister chromatids are physically linked by this ring-shape protein that extends along the length of the sister chromatid arms and are particularly concentrated at the centromere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzymes that activate or inactivate other proteins by adding phosphate groups to them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein kinases involved in controlling the cell cycle and of which are only active when they bind to cyclins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormones that stimulate mitosis in plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proteins that stimulate mitosis in some animals cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| help an organism detect the time of day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enables a plant to detect the time of year |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| forms along the entire length of the synapsed homologous is thought to play a role in crossing over |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| location where the homologous chromosomes are held together because the centromeres and kinetochores of the homologous chromosomes become separated from one another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| brief period between interphase 1 and prophase 1 that dictates no S phase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alternative forms of a gene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| segment of the DNA that has the information for controlling some aspect of the structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inheritance of two different alleles of single locus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two alleles for a particular locus that are identical in the organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two alleles for a particular locus that are different in the organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| genetic constitution of that organism expressed in symbols |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inheritance of different alleles at two loci |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tendency for a group of genes on the same chromosome to be inherited together in successive generation because of the closeness in loci locations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any process that leads to a new gene combination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1% recombination between two loci = 1 map unit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| male has only one copy of each X-linked gene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mechanism that makes equivalent the two doses in the famle and the single dose in the male [creation of a Barr body noticable in prophase] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when th x chromosome inactivation in a heterozygous female produces about halfo her cells with one of the alleles and half with the other alleles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the heterozygote has a phenotype intermediate between those of its two parents (baby plant from red and white is pink) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| instances in which the heterozygote simultaneously expresses the phenotypes of both typesof homozygote (cow separated red and white hairs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| three or more alleles for a given locus exist with the population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability of single gene to have multiple effects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| presence of certain alleles of one locus can prevent or makr the expression of alleles of a different locus and express their ow phentoype instead |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| multiple independe pairs of genes that have similar and additive effects on the same character |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the range of phenotypic possibilites that can develop from a single genotype under different enviromental conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| more likely to occur between two loci if they lie far apart on the chromosome and less likely to occur if they lie close together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inability to cause disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| genetic change in which the properties of one strain of dead cells are conferred on a different strain of living cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in double stranded DA molecules, the number of purines match the number of pyrimidines [A-T ; G-C] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| method for elucidating the 3-D structure of a molecule by determining the distances between atoms using x-rays to be diffracted by each atom |
|
|
Term
| semi-conservative replication |
|
Definition
| when DNA double helixes would split and replicate afterwards, having an original strand of DNA in both double helixes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| both parent strands would remina together, and the two synthesized strands would forma second double helix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the parental and newly synthesized strands might become randomly mix during the replication process |
|
|
Term
| density gradient centrifugation |
|
Definition
| separating large molecules such as DNA on the basis of difference in their density when using a heavy isotope of nitrogen to label the bases of the DNA strands, making them more dense |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| genetic changes that arise in gees and then transmitted faithfully to succeeding generations [nucleotides improperly paired with their counterparts] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzymes that catalyze the linking of successive nucleotide subunits by adding nucleotides to the 3'end |
|
|
Term
| nucelotide excision repair |
|
Definition
| three enzymes cut out the damaged DNA [DNA polymerase adds the correct nucleotides, and DNA ligase closes the break |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| important genetic information that is retained becaue chromosomes have these protective end caps |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can lengthem telomeric DNA by adding repetitive nucleotid sequences to the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes [poopular in cancer cells] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produce breaks in the DNA molecules ir order to releive strain when DNA replication is taking place [unwinding rope causes tension towards the bottom] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reading the code, one triplet at a time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the nucleotide sequence in DNA to which RNA polymerase and associated proteins initially bind |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an mRNA molecule that is boudn to cluster of ribosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| molecules that bind to specific proteins to forma a small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex, which int run, combines with other snRNPs to form a splicesome |
|
|
Term
| signal-recognition particle RNA |
|
Definition
| directs the ribosome mRNA polypeptide complex to the rough ER |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| processes pre-mRNA molecules inthe nucelolus during ribosome subunit formation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| double stranded molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a DNA nucleotide sequence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rare genetic disease that made the patient's pee turn black when exposed to air |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| types of mutations that include variuos types of radiation,such as ultraviolet rays |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| transcpription-level control |
|
Definition
| regulation that controls the production of enzymes and other proteins when they are needed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| genes which are constantly transcribed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| facilitate the coordinated control of functionally related genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inactive genes [Barr body] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| phenotypic expression of certain genes is determined by whether a particular allele is inherited from the female or male |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| genes which are selectively replicated in those cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nickname for transcription factors because they are held together by the side chains of leucine and other hydrophobic amino acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzymes that add phosphate groups |
|
|
Term
| enzymes that remove phosphate groups |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hydrolyze some of the peptide bonds, degrading the protein to short, nonfunctional peptide fragments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mechanism in control for some genes taht are only unducible during certain period in the life of the organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| combination vectors with feature from both bacteriophages and plasmids |
|
|
Term
| bacterial artificial chromosomes |
|
Definition
| accomodates much larger fragments of DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produced by mixing the two kinds of DNA under conditions that promote hydrogen bonding of complementary bases |
|
|
Term
| polymerase chain reaction |
|
Definition
| technique for amplifiying DNA in vitro |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| separating DNA fragments by gelelectrophoresis and then transferring themto a nitrocellulose or nylon membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| studying RNA molecules by separating by electrophoresis which ar then transferred to a membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a blot consisting of proteins or polypeptides previously serparated by gel electrophesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DNA mutations taht are caused by the result of different lengths of fragments produced by a given restriction enzyme |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| helps indentify protein-coding genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| treating male mice with chemical mutagens taht cause mutations in DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
studying patterns of gene expression
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plants and animals in which foreign genes have been incorporated |
|
|
Term
| recombinant DNA technology |
|
Definition
| researches splic together DNA from different organims in the laboratory. one goal of this technology is to enable scientists to obtain many copies of a specific DNA segment for the purpose of studying it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| study of chromosomes and their role in inheritance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the expression of a gene in a given tissue or development stage that is based on its parental origin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produces strains of mice that were either hymozygous or heterozygous for a disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| presence of multiple sets of chromosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| single extra chromosme or the absence of a chromosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormal meiotic division in whcih chromsomes fail to separate at anaphase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| orienatation of a chromsome segment is reversed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chrosome fragment breaks off and joins with a nonhomologous chromsome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| breakage that causes loss of part of chromsome, along with the genes on that segment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two nonhomologous chromosomes exchange segments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| matings between genetically related individuals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| assemblages of abiotically produced organic polymers which often divid half, maintain an interal chemical environment, and the beginnings of metabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of protobiont formed by adding water to abiotically formed polypeptides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ancient remains of microscopic life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rocklike columns composed of many minute layers of prokaryotic cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts that may have originated from mutually advantagous symbiotic relationships between two prokaryotic organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when a temperate virus reverst to a lytic cycle and then deestroys the host (possibly due to ultra-violet exposure) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| RNA virus taht have a DNA plymerase called reverse transciptase,which is used to transcibe the RNA genome into a DNA intermediate. this DNA becomes integrated into the host DNA b an enzyme also carried by the virus (HIV) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| much smaller than a virus and consist of very short strands of naked DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| misfolded of the PrP protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consists of two unusually types of sugars linked with short polypeptides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bacteria that absorb and retain crystal violet stain in the labortatory (penicillin works for this) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| do not retain the stian when rinsed in alcohol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| slime layer that surrounds the cell wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movement in response to chemicals in the enviroment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DNA that can be transmitted to recipient cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DNA sequence known as the F factor that is necessary for a bacterium to serve as a donor during conjugation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consisting of multinucleate mass of cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| made up of mostly by protists, the floating organims |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| evolved from a common ancestor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| kingdom contains some, but not all, of the descendants of a common eukaryote ancestor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized excavates with hundreds of flagella that live in the guts of termites and wood-eating cockroaches |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| colorless discritates, many of which are parasitic and cause disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| greatly modified cilia that are part of the ciliates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sexual reproduction involving the fusion of two flagellate gametes of different sizes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produce a nonmotile egge and a flagellate male gamete |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| markers to help indentify sedimentary rock layers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| polymer that consists of subunits of nitrogen-containing sugar which is located in the cell walls of fungi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized hyphae that produce asexual spores called conidia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tips of the hyphae come together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| symbiotic relationships between fungi and the roots of plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fungi that have mycorrihae relationships that ultimately have the plasma membrane of the cells surround the hyphae [fingers pushing through glove] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stem branches that gradually fill in with additional tissue to form most leaves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| term for all the sepals of a flower |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two derived features absent in their immediate ancestors; leaves with branching veins and woody tissue similar to taht of modern gymnospers; gave rise to conifers and seed ferns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mutual adaptation between plants and animal pollinators |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| comprise magnoliids, monocots, and eudicots |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase in stem and root length |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase in the girth of a plant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| layer of meristimatic cells that froms a long, thin, continous cylinder within the stem and root |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| composed of a thin cylinder or irregular arrangment of meristematic cells |
|
|
Term
| alternate leaf arrangement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| opposite leaf arrangement |
|
Definition
| two leaves grow at each node |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| three or more leaves grow at each node |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| colorless and do not undergo photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what the cuticle is made out of |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hairlike structures which help reduce water loss from the leaf surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| located unerneath the upper epidermis, main site of photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| located on top fo the lower epidermis; allows for diffusion of gases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one or more layer so nonvacular cells that surround the larger veins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reasearchers seal the tip of a micropipette to a tiny patch of a membrane that contains a single ion channel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loss of liquid water. unlike dew (which condenses from cool night air) guttation droplets come from within the plant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| trees shed leaves, whcih is particularly orchestrated by changing levels of ethylene |
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Definition
| cement that holds the primary cell walls of adjacent cells together |
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Definition
| climbing plants need this to help keep the vine attached to the structure on which it is growing |
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Definition
embryonic shoot located at the tip of stem
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Definition
| coverings of a apical meristem of a terminal bud |
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Definition
| areas of parenchyma between the vascular bundles |
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Definition
| solutes move in phloem by means of a pressure gradient |
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Definition
| the main roots of a fibrous root system that arise from the stem |
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Definition
| continnum of living cytoplasm, whcih is connected from one cell to the next cell by cytoplasmic bridges called plasmodesmata |
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Definition
| interconnected porus cell walls of a plant, along which water and mineral ions moves freely |
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Definition
| regulates the movement of water and minerals that enter the xylem in the root's center |
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| band like region which pertains to endodermal cells |
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Definition
| integral membrane proteins that facilitate the rapid transport of water across the membrane |
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Definition
| center of eudicot primary root, in which the outermost layer is the pericycle |
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Definition
| ground tissue found in the center of stems and root which are not found in primary eudicot roots |
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Term
| vascular cambium gives rise to... |
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Definition
| secondary growth, for which no monocots have but eudicots do |
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Definition
| adventitious roots that develop from branches or a vertical stem and grow downward into the soil to help support the plant in an upright position |
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Definition
| holds the trees in an upright and aid the extensive distribution of the shallow roots |
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Definition
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| plants that grow attached to toher plants |
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| when the fungus penetrates cell walls of the root cortex and forms these branches |
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| the partly decayed organic portion of the soil |
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| removal of dissolved materials from soil by percolating water |
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Definition
| deposition of leached material in the lower layes of soil |
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Definition
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| the short portion of the embryionic shoort connecting the radical to one or two cotyledons |
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| shoot apex or terminal bud |
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Definition
| absorption of water by a dry seed |
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| sheath of cells pertaining ot corn and other grasses that surround and protect the young shoot |
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| very short, erect underground stem |
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Definition
| horizontal, aboveground stems that grow along the surface and have long internodes |
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Definition
| detachable notches along their leaf margins |
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Definition
| adventitious buds on roots |
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Definition
| production of seed with sexual reproduction |
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