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| everything in the universe except what humans have manufactured |
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| fundamental building blocks of all substances, living and nonliving |
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| atoms join with other atoms |
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| individual that consists of one or more cells |
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| group of individuals of the same kind of organism, or species, living in a specified area |
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| consists of all populations of all species in a specified area |
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| community interacting with its physical and chemical environment |
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| encompasses all regions of Earth's crust, waters, and atmosphere in which organisms live |
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| characteristic of a system that does not appear in any of its component parts |
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| type of atom or molecule that has an essential role in growth and survival and that an organism cannot make for itself |
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| acquire energy and simple raw materials from environmental sources and make their own food |
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| they use sunlight energy to make sugars from carbon dioxide and water |
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| cannot make their own food; they get energy and nutrients indirectly by eating producers and other organisms |
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| molecule or cellular structure that responds to a specific form of stimulation, such as the energy of light or the mechanical energy of a bite |
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| by sensing and adjusting to change, organisms keep conditions in their internal environment withing a range that favors cell survival |
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Definition
| nucleic acid is the signature molecule of life |
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| source of each individuals distinct features |
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Definition
| transmission of DNA from parents to offspring |
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| refers to actual mechnaisms by which parents transmit DNA to offspring |
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| orderly transformation of the first cell of a new individual into an adult |
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| which is a group of species that share a unique set of features |
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| are single cell organisms |
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Definition
| start out life with a nucleus |
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Definition
| simpliest kind of eukaryote |
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Definition
multicelled
decomposers
secrete enzymes |
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Definition
multicelled
live in freshwater or land
photosynethic |
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Definition
| multicelled consumers that ingest tissues or juces of other organisms |
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Definition
| small scale changes in DNA |
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Definition
| better chance of surviving and passing its DNA to offspring than other individuals of the population |
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| differential surivival and reproduction of individuals in a population that differ in the details of their heritable traits |
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| change in a line of descent |
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| judgingg info before accepting it |
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| systematic study of nature |
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Definition
| testable answer to your question |
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Definition
| statement of some condition that should exist if the hypothesis is not wrong |
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Definition
| consistent with all of the evidence gathered to date, and it has helped us to make successful predictions about other phenomena |
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| tests that can support or falsify a prediction |
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| characteristic that differs among individuals or events |
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| set of individuals that have a certain characteristic or receive a certain treatment |
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| particles that are the building blocks of all substances |
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| electrical property that attracts or repels other subatomic particles |
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Definition
| pure substances, each consisting only of atoms with the same number of protons |
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| periodic table of elements |
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Definition
| made by Dmitry mendeleev in 1869 |
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Definition
| atoms of radioisotopes spontaneously emit subatomic particles or energy when their nucleus breaks down |
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Definition
| any molecule with a detectable substace attached |
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Term
| PET-positron emiision tomography |
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Definition
| helps us see cell activity |
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Definition
| atom with different numbers of electrons and protons |
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Definition
| measure of an atoms ability to pull electrons from other atoms |
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Definition
| attrative force that arises between two atoms when their electrons interact |
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Definition
| forms when two or more atoms of the same or different elements join in chemical bonds |
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Definition
| molecules that consist of two or more differetn elements in proportions that do not vary |
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Definition
| two or more substances intermingel and their proportions can vary because the substances do not bond with each other |
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Definition
| strong mutual attraction of two oppositely charged ions |
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Term
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Definition
| two atoms share a pair of electrons |
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Term
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Definition
| the atoms participating in the bond are sharing electrons equally |
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Term
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Definition
| covalent bonds do not share electrons equally |
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Term
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Definition
| separation of charge into distinct positive and negative regions |
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Term
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Definition
| weak attraction between a highly electrronegative atom and a hydrogen atom taking part in a separate polar covalent bond |
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Definition
| substance, usually a liquid, that can dissolve other substances |
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Definition
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Definition
| water dreading, water repeling |
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Definition
| way to measure the energy of this molecular motion |
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Term
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Definition
| heat energy converts liquid water to gas |
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Definition
| molecules resist separating from one another |
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Definition
| measure of the number of hydrogen ions in a solution |
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Definition
| donate hydrogen ions as they dissolve in water |
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Definition
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Definition
| compound that dissolves easily in water and releases ions other than H and OH |
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Definition
| set of chemicals, often a weak acid or base and its salt, that can keep the pH of solution stable |
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Term
| What are living things mainly made up of? |
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Definition
| oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon |
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Term
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Definition
| molecules consist primarily of hydrogen and carbon atoms |
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Definition
| an organic molecule that consist only of hydrogen and carbon atoms |
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Term
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Definition
| a cluster of atoms covalently bonded to a carbon atom of an organic molecules |
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Definition
| activities by which cells acquire and use energy as they construct, rearrange, and split organic compounds |
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Term
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Definition
| two molecules covalently bond into a larger one |
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Term
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Definition
| reverse of condensation, cleavage reactions split large molecules into smaller ones |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| organic compounds that consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio |
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Definition
| fatty, oily, or waxy organic compounds that are insoluble in water |
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Term
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Definition
| simple organic compounds that have a carboxyl group joined to a backbone of four to thirty-six carbon atoms |
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Term
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Definition
| lipids with one, two, or three fatty acids that dangle like tails froma small alcohol called glycerol |
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Term
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Definition
| fats with three fatty acid tails linked to the glycerol, most abundant energy source in vertebrate bodies, and the richest |
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Definition
| pack tightly so they are solid at room temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| have a polar head with a phosphate in it, and two nonpolar fatty acid tails |
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Term
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Definition
| complex, varying mixtures of lipids with long fatty acid tails bonded to long chain alcohols or carbon rings |
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Definition
| lipids with a rigid backbone of four carbon rings and no fatty acid tails |
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Definition
| organic compound composed of one or more chains of amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
| small organic compound with an amine group, a carboxyl group, and one or more atoms call the R group |
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Term
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Definition
| prtoein synthesis involves bonding amino acids into chains |
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Term
| what do each parent give their child? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| their shape unravels and they no longer function |
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Term
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Definition
| small organic molecules, various kinds of which function as energy carriers, enzyme helpers, chemical messenger and subunits of DNA and RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| adenosine triphophate has a row of three phosphate groups attached to its sugar |
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Term
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Definition
| polymer, chains of nucleotides in which the sugar of one nucleotide is joined to the phosphate gorup of the next |
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Term
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Definition
| ribonucleic acid, named after the ribose sugar of its component nucleotides |
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Term
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Definition
| deoxyribonucleic acid is another type of nucleic acid named after the deoxyribose sugar of its component nucleotides |
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Term
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Definition
| smallest unit of life that can survive and reproduce on its own, given information in DNA, energy inputs, raw materials, and suitable environmental conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| forms of an elemnt that differ in the number of neutrons their atoms carry |
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Term
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Definition
| isotopes with an unstable nucleus; decays into predictable daughter elements at a predictable rate |
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Term
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Definition
| the period of time it takes for a substance undergoing decay to decrease by half., when talking about radioactive decay |
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Term
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Definition
| atoms tend to gain, lose or share electrons so as to have eight electrons in their outer electron shell. |
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Term
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Definition
| measure of an atoms ability to pull electrons away from other atoms |
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Term
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Definition
| interaction between oxygen and another element, lose electrons |
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Term
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Definition
| the gain of electrons or a decrease in oxidation state by a molecule, atom or ion. |
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Term
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Definition
| an organ molecule that consists only of hydrogen and carbon atoms |
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Term
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Definition
simplest of carbohydrates, have a backbone of 5 or 6 carbon atoms, one ketone,
water soluable
found in DNA and RNA |
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Term
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Definition
2 sugar monomers
sucrose is the main disaccharide |
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Term
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Definition
straight or branched chains of many sugar monomers
cellulose, glycogen, and starch |
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Term
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Definition
| polysaccharide with nitrogen containing groups on its many glucose monomers |
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Term
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Definition
does not dissove easily in water so it has hydrolysis
used to store chemical energy in the watery, enzyme filled interior of plant cells |
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Term
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Definition
| major structural material of plants, may be the most abundant organic molecule in the biosphere |
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Term
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Definition
sugar storage equivalent of starch in plants, stored by muscle and liver cells
when sugar levels fall, liver cells break it down and released into the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| condenstation reaction joins the amine group of an amino acid with the carboxyl group of the next |
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Term
| what are the steps of the scientific method? |
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Definition
1. observation
2. question
3. hypothesis
4. prediction
5. experiment
6. results
7. report to scientific community |
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Term
| what is the difference between control group and the experimental group? |
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Definition
Experimental group and control group, they both have the same characteristics but they have one variable not in common
control=placebo
experiment=regular |
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Term
| How do bias and samplin error affect experimental results? |
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Definition
| bias is when you put your feelings to sway your results |
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Term
| what is the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning? |
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Definition
Deductive reasoning has if then statements
Inductive reasoning arrives after the events have taken place then make generalization
Deductive reasoning arrives at specific conclusion based off generalization |
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Term
| How do we describe something that is alive? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the taxonomic classification hierarchy |
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Definition
| the hierarchical organization of living beings into categories and subcategories that reveal their likenesses. |
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Term
| what is the binomial system for naming organisms? |
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Definition
kingdom
phylum
class
order
genus
species |
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Term
| describe the characteristics of the 3 domains and 6 kingdoms |
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Definition
3 domains: Archaeans, Eurkarya, bacteria
kingdoms: Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia
Archaea and bacteria contain prokaryotic organisms and do not have a membrane bound nucleus
Eukaryaians have a nucleus |
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Term
| How do natural selection and artifical selection differ? Are they really different? |
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Definition
| natural selection is when the person/animal breeding chooses on their own whereas artifical selection is when a breeder chooses which characteristics they want to come out in a subject. They really dont differ. |
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Term
| Describe the process of natural selection proposed by darwin |
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Definition
| survival of the fittest, the traits are hereditary, like the color brown |
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Term
| Describe the properites of the sub atomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons |
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Definition
protons: positive charge, in nucleus
neutrons: neutral charge, in nucleus
electrons: negative charge, shell |
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Term
| Describe the structure of an atom. |
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Definition
| the protons and neutrons are in the nucleus then the electrons are in the shells, and this would happen until you run out of electrons |
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Term
| Describe the subatomic particles that compose the atom and the importance of each to the characteristics of an atom. |
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Definition
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Term
| Know where the atomic #, atomic mass, number of valence electrons |
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Definition
atomic #: number of protons
atomic mass: protons and neutrons in nucleus
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Term
| What is a mass number and whether it will lose or gain an electrons? |
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Definition
| protons + neutrons: mass # then the electrons are added in the valence shell it all depends on how many you have in the outer shell |
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Term
| Know how to tell the difference between reactants and the products |
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Definition
| reactants are whats being added together while the products are the result of the reactants |
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Term
| know the equation for photosynthesis as an example of a balanced equation |
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Definition
| 6H20 + 6CO2 to 602 + C6H12O6 |
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Term
| Describe factors that can affect the rate of a chemical reaction |
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Definition
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Term
| know when elements will share electrons equally in a covalent bond and describe the result when electrons are shared equally or unequally regards to the polarity of the bond. |
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Definition
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Term
| understand how the bonding structure of water affects its chemistry |
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Definition
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Term
| describe the unique properties of water that make it important for life on this planet |
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Definition
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Term
| Understand the pH scale and the basis for the number in the pH. |
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Definition
| 7 is neutral and below that is an acid and above is a base |
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Term
| Know what a buffer is and how a buffer resists changes in pH. Given a buffer system describe how it will react to the addition of acids or bases. |
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Definition
buffer system is a set of chemicals, often a weak acid or base and its salt, that can keep the pH of a solution stable.
buffer neutralizes the pH to keep it the same |
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Term
| describe medical uses of radioactive isotopes |
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Definition
| when radioisotopes nucleus is broken down it become radioactive decay which then can become a tracer which is then injected into the blood stream to help find tumors when put into a PET scan |
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Term
| describe carbons atomic structure, how it bonds to other elements and its importance in living organisms |
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Definition
6 protons
6 neutrons
6 electrons
in order for it to be stable carbon has to have another 4 electrons
carbon can form a covalent bond with various elements |
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Term
| recognize the functional groups from the lecture and be able to describe properties of those groups. |
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Definition
hydroxyl group polar OH
amino group polar group in amino acids NH3
carboxyl group polar acidic group COOH
phosphate group PO4
sulfhydral SH
alkyl non polar group |
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Term
| know the name of the 4 smallest alkyl functional group 1-4 carbons |
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Definition
methyl CH3
ethyl C2H5
propyl C3H7
butyl C4H9 |
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Term
| know the 4 elements that make up 96% of all organic compounds |
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Definition
| hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen |
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Term
| compare and contrast condensation and hydrolysis |
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Definition
| condensation is where you're bringing 2 elements together to make 1 whereas hydrolysis is when 1 element is broken apart to make 2 elements |
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Term
| name the 4 macromolecules(molecules of life) and what composes each |
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Definition
carbohydrates: monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
lipids: phospholipids, waxes, fats
proteins: amino acid, lipoproteins, glycoproteins
nucleic acid: molecules that form for cellular growth and reproduction, DNA, RNA, energy carriers, coenzymes |
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Term
| know the 2 subclasses of sugars |
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Definition
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Term
| understand how sugars are different, dont need to identify the sugars |
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Definition
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Term
| know the 3 dissaccarides discussed in lectures( the names and what sugars compose each) |
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Definition
maltose- glucose+ glucose
Sucrose=Glucose + fructose
lactose= glucose + galactose |
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Term
| know what carbohydrates are and where they are found in our diet and their importance |
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Definition
the main source of energy for living organisms due to the stored energy in chemical bonds
bread, rice, cereal pasta, fruits and vegetables |
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Term
| explain how several carbohydrates made entirely of glucose can be different. |
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Definition
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Term
| describe the properties of a lipid |
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Definition
most include fatty acid
fats, phospholipids, waxes
insoluable in water
less dense than water |
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Term
| know the subclasses of fats and how they differ |
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Definition
triglycerides-
saturated fats-tend stick tightly together to form solids
unsaturated fats-prevents tight packing of molecules
trans fats-created by hydrogenation
omega fats-found in fish |
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Term
| know the importance of lipids in our diet |
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Definition
| repel water because they are less dense than water |
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Term
| describe the basic structure of a triglyceride and a phospholipid |
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Definition
| each of the fatty acid tails have had a water element put aside |
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Term
| what is the idfference between saturated and unsaturated fats? |
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Definition
saturated fats-bonded to hydrogen molecules, stick together to form solids
unsaturated fats-double bonded causing bending of a molecule
prevents tight packing of the molecules so they stay a liquid, healthier than saturated fats |
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Term
| describe the importance of phopholipids in cell membranes |
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Definition
| most important in the cell membrane, polar head. and two nonpolar fatty acid tails, one that dissolves in the watery cavity the other in the surroundings |
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Term
| describe the roles of proteins |
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Definition
| found in meats, beans, eggs, nuts which carry digestive enzymes, transport hemoglobin, regulate hormones, storage, produce antibodies |
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Term
| be able to draw a basic amino acid |
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Definition
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Term
| determine if an amino acid is polar, nonpolar, acidic or basic |
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Definition
C and H's nonpolar
N only R group base
COO- acid
polar |
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Term
| be able to describe the process of forming a peptide bond |
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Definition
| taking water out of the 2 to form one bond |
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Term
| describe the levels of structure of a protein |
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Definition
primary-sequence of amino acids
Secondary-hydrogen bonds, bonds give rise to coiled patte
Tertiary-folding as a result of interactions b/w R groups
Quaternary-maybe made upof more than polypeptide chain |
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Term
| describe denaturation and how it affects a protein |
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Definition
disruption of 3 dimensional shape
breakage of weak bonds
pH and temperature cause it
destroying protein shape disrupts function |
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Term
| know the 2 major classes of nucleic acid |
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Definition
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Term
| know the 3 basic parts of a nucleotide |
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Definition
energy carries
coenzymes
chemical messengers
building blocks of nucleic acids |
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Term
| name the 5 types of nucleotide, do not need to know the structure or recognize |
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Definition
adenine
guanine
thymine
cytosine
ATP |
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Term
| Compare and contrast DNA and RNA |
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Definition
DNA contains nitrogen bases
thyamine DNA only
uracil RNA only
DNA double stranded, deoxyribose sugar, more stable, long term of storage genetic info
RNA cheap copy, single stranded, ribose sugar, less stable, short term transmission, uses uracil |
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Term
| understand the importance of ATP and how nergy is stored in the molecule |
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Definition
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