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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Living organisms contain both standard carbon (C12) and radioactive carbon (C14). After death, the radioactive isotopes decompose with a half life (50% decomposition) of 5,730 years. Developed in early 20th century, determines age of fossil. |
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Definition
| Only inhabitants of Earth, from about 3.5 - 2.5 billion years ago. |
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Definition
| Began to build up around 2.2 billion years ago, many prokaryotes died, others evolved in anaerobic environments, cellular respiration evolved. |
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| Cellular Respiration (formula) |
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Definition
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Definition
| Oldest are about 2.1 billion years old. |
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Definition
| Includes modified/evolved prokaryotes (mitochondria, chloroplast) capable of aerobic respiration or photosynthesis. Oldest multicellular fossils are about 1.2 billion years old (algae), more diverse organisms didn't appear until 600-575 million years ago. |
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Definition
| From about 2.5 - 0.5 billion years ago. Includes development of single-celled eukaryotes at about 2.1 billion years ago, multicellular eukaryotes at about 1.5 billion years ago, and animals at about 0.6 billion years ago. |
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Definition
| From about .55 billion years ago to the present, includes colonization of land at 0.4-0.5 billion years ago. |
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Definition
| In Canadian Rockies (BC), fossils reveal "Cambrian explosion" of species, approximately 500 million years old. |
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Definition
| Characterized by modern-day plants, fungi, arthropods (insects, spiders), and tetrapods (vertebrates w/ 4 appendages) at about 0.4 - 0.5 billion years ago. |
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Definition
| Includes origin of Earth at about 4.6 billion years ago, oldest prokaryote fossils, and the concentration of oxygen beginning to increase. |
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Definition
| From the Cambrian explosion, or sudden increase in animal phyla at 542 million years ago to 251 million years ago. |
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Definition
| From 251 million years ago to 65.5 million years ago, era of dinosaurs, origin of mammals and flowering plants (angiosperms). |
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Definition
| From 65.5 million years ago to present day. Includes origin of primates, ice age, and appearance of human ancestors. Also another explosive phase of evolution involving mammals, birds, and pollinating insects. Era divided into epochs. |
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Definition
| Theory states that Earth is divided into large irregular plates that move which is called continental drift. Continents and sea floor form thin crust which covers hot viscous mantle. Inside the mantle is the core, the inner core is solid, the outer core is liquid. |
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Definition
| Loss of large number of species, caused by habitat change, unfavorable climate change, and changes in biological community. Vast majority of species ever to have lived are extinct. |
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Definition
| 5 mass extinctions have occurred, with 50% species loss. Two are associated with climate change, and mark the end of two geological eras (Paleozoic, and Mesozoic). |
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Definition
| Boundary between Paleozoic and Mesozoic at 250 million years ago. 96% of marine species were lost. Deep lava flows, mass CO2, widespread oxygen drops. |
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Definition
| Associated with thin layer of radioactive iridium in the soil. Hypothesized that large asteroid hit Earth at Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico (Chicxulub Crater). Brought huge cloud of dust, dropped temperature. |
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Definition
| Periods of active evolutionary change when many new species evolve. They follow each mass extinction, and have increased diversity of life. |
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Definition
| Study of evolutionary developmental genetics. |
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| Changes in Gene Regulation |
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Definition
| Changes in the form of organisms often are caused by the mutation that affects the regulation of developmental genes. |
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Definition
| Evolution is not goal directed, if conditions change a trend may reverse. Species selection can result in a trend. Natural selection can result in a trend. |
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Definition
| The evolutionary history of a species or group. It can be inferred from morphological and molecular homologies. |
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Definition
| Similarities due to shared ancestry, structures may look/function differently in different species (human arm, whale limb, bat wing). |
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Term
| Convergent Evolution (Analogy) |
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Definition
| Species from different evolutionary branches come to look alike due to similarity in environments, thus natural selection favors similar adaptations. Ex: Australian "mole" (marsupial) vs NA mole (eutherian mammal). |
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Definition
| Discipline that focuses on classifying species, it connects classification with evolutionary history. |
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Definition
| A heirarchical system naming and classifying species. Linnaeu's system assigns a binomial name to each species. |
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| Heirarchical Classification |
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Definition
| Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom, Eukaryote. |
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Definition
| A widely used method in systematics. A "clade" is a group of species that includes and ancestral species. A "clade" is based on Darwin's idea that organisms share characteristics with their ancestors and yet differ from them (descent w/ modification). |
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Definition
| Ancestral EX: the backbone originated in an ancestor of all vertebrates. Derived EX: shared by a group, but not found in ancestors, such as hair in mammals. |
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Definition
| Using DNA or other molecules to infer relatedness, very important in contemporary systematics. An organisms evolutionary history is documented in it's genome. |
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Definition
| Evolves rapidly and can be used to investigate relatively recent evolutionary events. EX: Pima, Maya, and Yanomami. Probably ancestors of those crossing Bering Land Bridge from Asia to Americas 15,000 years ago. |
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Definition
| Number of nucleotide differences plotted against evolutionary branch points, used to date origin of HIV in humans. Assumes some regions of genome evolve at constant rate. Can be used to date events that occurred a billion years ago. |
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Definition
| Genes are transferred from one genome to another through various mechanisms such as plasmids or viruses. |
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Definition
| Study of the FUNCTION of the organisms structures. 1. Form and Function, 2. Homeostasis, 3. Positive Feedback and Stage Change, 4. Integration. |
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Definition
| Study of the FORM of the organism's structure. |
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Definition
| Groups of cells with a common structure and function. |
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Definition
| Covers the body and lines organs/cavities. They're sheets of closely packed cells that act as a external and internal organ layer cells. |
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Definition
| Binds and supports other tissues. Consist of a sparse population of cells scattered throughout an extracellular (outside) matrix. EX: fibrous (collagen), adipose, cartilage, bone, blood, mesoderm origin. |
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Definition
| Functions in movement. 3 types: skeletal, cardiac, smooth (digestive system, arteries, internal organs). |
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Definition
| Forms the communication network, it senses stimuli and rapidly transmits information. |
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Definition
| Nerve cells, made up of Dendrites (and cell body) that receive nerve impulses from other neurons, and Axons that transmit signals toward other neurons. |
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Definition
| Can make tissues and organs. EX: artificial skin, bladders (2006), cells, matrices, processes. |
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Definition
| Work together to perform life's functions. EX: circulation, respiration, integument (skin, hair, nails), skeletal, muscular, urinary, digestive, endocrine, immune nervous, reproductive. |
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Definition
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Definition
| Uses powerful magnets, hydrogen atoms in water. When knocked out of alignment, they give off radio waves. |
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Definition
| Uses radio-labeled glucose or other molecules, scans of distribution. |
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Term
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Definition
| Maintenance of a stable physiological state. Animals regulate their internal environments. External exchange and internal regulation. It depends on negative feedback (sweating, shivering). |
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Term
| Four Stages of Food Processing |
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Definition
| Ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination. |
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Term
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Definition
| Breakdown of large organic molecules (by enzymes) into their components. EX: Proteins > Amino Acids. Polysaccharides/Disaccharides > Monosaccharides. Nucleic Acid > Nucleotides. Fat > Glycerol/Fatty Acids. |
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Term
| Alimentary Canal (Human Digestive System) |
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Definition
| Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus. |
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Term
| Accessory Glands (Human Digestive System) |
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Definition
| Salivary glands (oral), gallbladder, liver, pancreas (small intestine). |
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Term
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Definition
| Alternating waves of smooth muscle. Allows food digestion while laying down or in a weightless space environment. |
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Definition
| Muscular valves regulate the passage of food in and out of the stomach. |
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Definition
| Stomach: 1-2 hours, food digested by acids and enzymes. Small Intestine: 5-6 hours, final digestion and absorption of food. Large Intestine: 12-24 hours, vitamins K, B12, thiamine, and riboflavin are produced by bacteria and absorbed, water also absorbed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mechanical, and chemical. Salivary glands secrete Amylase, which breaks down starch to maltose (disaccharide sugar). |
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Definition
| Tongue pushes food toward pharynx, triggering "swallowing reflex". The Larynx (upper part of respiratory tract) moves upward and this movement tips a flap of cartilage called the Epiglottis (sphincter) to cover the opening of the larynx, preventing food from entering the trachea. |
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Term
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Definition
| Flap of cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx preventing food from entering the trachea. |
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Term
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Definition
| Active form of protease enzymes in gastric juice. Originally secreted as Pepsinogen (inactive form) along with hydrocloric acid, which breaks it down. |
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Term
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Definition
| "Cavity", can pertain to the stomach, intestine, ect. |
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Term
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Definition
| Protects stomach from acids, although stomach lining is replaced every three days. |
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Term
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Definition
| Back flow of gastric juices into the esophagus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gastro-Esophageal Relux Disease, caused by frequent gastric juice back flow. Treated by medication or cessation of smoking, alcohol, large meals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Open sores in the stomach. In 1982, Aussie scientist discovered cause is bacteria (Nobel Prize). |
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Term
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Definition
| Active ingredient in Pepto-Bismol. |
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Term
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Definition
| Breakdown of proteins occur here, due to secretion of pepsin. |
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Term
| Small Intestine (digestion) |
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Definition
| Major organ of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption, 6 meters in length. Well suited for absorbing nutrients. |
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Term
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Definition
| First 25 cm (10") of small intestine, where chyme (partially processed food) from stomach mixes with digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, & gallbladder. |
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Term
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Definition
| Produces a mix of digestive enzymes and bicarbonate to buffer the acid from the stomach. |
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Term
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Definition
| Produces bile salts that break up fats into small droplets. Bile is stored until it is needed by small intestine. Also removes excess nutrients from the blood and converts it into glycogen (polysaccharide). Balances store of glycogen with release of glucose. Also detoxifies blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| Small finger-like projections from the wall of the small intestine. Contained inside each are blood capillaries (for the absorbing of amino acids and sugars), and lymph vessels (for the absorbing of fatty acids and glycerol). |
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Term
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Definition
| Transports nutrient-laden blood from intestines to the liver, where the liver is essential in producing proteins for clotting, osmotic balance, and lipoproteins that transport fats/cholesterol. |
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Term
| Large Intestine (digestion) |
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Definition
| AKA the Colon, it absorbs 90% of water back into digestive tract, some vitamins are produced by bacteria here. |
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Term
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Definition
| A small extension of the cecum (beginning of large intestine), contributes to immunity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cattle, deer, and sheep's stomachs have four chambers with symbiotic (mutually beneficial) microbes. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. Fuel to power life's activities. 2. Organic molecules to build animal molecules. 3. Essential nutrients which are substances that the animals cannot synthesize. |
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Term
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Definition
| Resting metabolic rate, 1300-1500 kcal for females, 1600-1800 for males. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells make fats and other lipids by combining fatty acids w/ other molecules. One such fatty acid is linoleic acid. |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins are made of 20 amino acids, humans can make 12 of these, the other 8 must be obtained from the diet (essential). Found in: eggs, milk, and cheese. |
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Term
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Definition
| A healthy human diet includes 13 of these water/fat-soluble (D,E,A,K) organic molecules. |
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Term
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Definition
| Simple inorganic molecules. |
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Definition
| Deficiency of calories or essential nutrients, accounts for 1 billion people worldwide. |
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Term
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Definition
| Recommended Dietary Allowances, the minimum amounts of nutrients that are needed each day, determined by national scientific panel. EX: excess folic acid good for pregnant women, while excess vitamin A/K can cause liver damage. |
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Term
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Definition
| Study of human health and disease within populations. |
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Term
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Definition
| <20 g of saturated fat, >25 g of dietary fiber. |
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Definition
| Excess accumulation of fat, about 30% of U.S, surpassed smoking in contribution to disease/shortened life. Also effected by inheritance. |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein hormone secreted by adipose cells, is an appetite suppressor. |
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Term
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Definition
| Body Mass Index, 18.5-24 is normal, 30-39 is obese. |
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Definition
| 1. Breathing. 2. Transportation of gases by the circulatory system. 3. Exchange of gases with body cells (mitochondria). |
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Definition
| A sheet of muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. |
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Definition
| AKA Esophagus, where path of food and air cross. |
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Definition
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Definition
| Have surface area of 100 square miles, dead-end of respiratory system, cleansed by red bloods cells, highly susceptible to pollution. |
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Term
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Definition
| "Voice Box", as air rushes past high pitch sounds are made when cords are stretched tightly and vibrate quickly |
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Term
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Definition
| Inflamed and constricted bronchioles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ventral area of brainstem where involuntary breathing is controlled. |
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Definition
| Made of 4 proteins and iron, it helps carry O2, transport CO2, and buffer blood. Typical of red blood cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Made of H2O + CO2, lowers pH of blood, breaks down into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. The H+ ions mostly binds to hemoglobin, acting as a buffering agent. |
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Term
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Definition
| An organ made of tissues from the fetus and the mother, rich with maternal blood vessels and fetal capillaries. |
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Term
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Definition
| Carry blood away from the heart. |
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Term
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Definition
| Carry blood to the heart. |
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Term
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Definition
| : lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, capillaries, vena cava's, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lungs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Heart valve from ventricles to either the aorta or pulmonary vein. Valves are made of connective tissue. |
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Term
| Smallest Cardio-vascular Parts |
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Definition
| : arteries to arterioles to capillaries rejoining as venules to veins. |
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Term
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Definition
| Heart is filling with blood, takes 0.4 seconds. |
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Term
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Definition
| Heart is contracting, atria contraction takes 0.1 seconds, ventricle contraction takes 0.3 seconds. |
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Term
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Definition
| Beats Per Minutes of the human heart, average is 72 BPM. |
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Term
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Definition
| Defect in one or more heart valves. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sino-atrial node, a nerve system pacemaker that coordinates beating of heart. It's located in the upper wall of the right atrium. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when coronary artery becomes blocked, heart muscles die rapidly. 1/3 of victims die quickly. SA node is often unable to maintain rhythm. defibrillator may reset SA node. |
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Term
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Definition
| The "fight or flight" stress hormone increases heart rate. |
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Definition
| Accounts for 1/2 of deaths in the U.S. Common forms are stroke and atherosclerosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Death of brain tissue due to lack of oxygen resulting from rupture or blockage of arteries. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chronic cardiovascular disease, characterized by fatty deposits called plaque. |
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Term
| Structure of Blood Vessel |
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Definition
| Inside: epithelial cells. Middle: smooth muscle (can regulate blood flow). Outside: connective tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| The force blood exerts against the walls of blood vessels, caused by systolic pressure. Arteries snap back during diastole. 120 systolic/70 diastolic is typically healthy. |
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Term
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Definition
| 4-8 liters of fluid leave the capillaries each day and end up in surrounding tissue. The lymph system recovers this fluid through a network of tiny vessels. |
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Term
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Definition
| Typical body has 5 liters. Includes plasma (55% of blood) that is 90% water, and elements such as red, white, and platelet cells (45% of blood). |
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Term
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Definition
| Red blood cells, 5-6 million, transport O2 and some CO2, produced in bone marrow by responding to erythropoietin hormone (EPO). |
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Term
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Definition
| White blood cells 5,000-10,000, defense and immunity, 5 types. |
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Term
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Definition
| Made up of neutrophils and monocytes, which engulf bacteria and debris. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cell fragments involved in clotting, 250,000-400,000. |
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Term
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Definition
| Too few red blood cells, or too little hemoglobin, resulting in tired feeling to to low levels of O2. |
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Term
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Definition
| Plugs leak in injured blood vessel with self-sealing platelets initially, and then clots with the plasma protein, fibrinogen. |
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Term
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Definition
| Unspecialized cells that differentiate into blood cells, could offer potential cure for blood cell diseases. Become either Lymphoid's or Myeloids (most cells). |
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Term
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Definition
| Cancer of white blood cells, treated with radiation, donor bone marrow, or bone marrow stem cells. |
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Term
| Methodological Naturalism |
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Definition
| Use of hypothesis and explanations involving natural causes to account for natural phenomena. |
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Term
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Definition
| Descent with modification, occurs in populations. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. Natural selection. 2. Genetic drift. 3. Gene flow. 4. Mutation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Order in which fossils are found with layers (strata) of sedimentary rocks. |
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Term
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Definition
| Structurally similar because of common ancestry but posses different functions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Comparison of early stages of development among different organisms. EX: all vertebrate embryos have at some point a tail posterior to the anus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Non-useful remnants of features that were functional in ancestral organisms. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reveals evolutionary relationships comparing molecules and DNA sequences between different organisms. EX: all species share common DNA code for proteins; humans and bacteria share homologous genes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Group of individuals of same species, living in the same place at the same time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Changes in nucleotide sequence of DNA, source of new alleles. |
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Term
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Definition
| p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1. Could be dirupted by genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, and natural selection (evolutionary forces). |
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Term
| 3 Main Causes of Evolutionary Change |
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Definition
| 1. Natural selection. 2. Genetic drift. 3. Gene flow. |
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Term
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Definition
| Contribution it makes to the gene pool of the next generation. Fittest individuals produce most viable offspring, and pass on the most genes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when people move from one population to another. |
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Term
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Definition
| The "founder effect" occurs when a statistically like group that varies from the population settles in a new area, therefore the new populations gene pool is representative of the emigrants. |
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Term
| Hardy-Weinberg Conditions |
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Definition
| 1. Random mating. 2. Large enough population size. 3. Low migration. 4. No selection. |
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Term
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Definition
| The main mechanism for adaptive evolution. It favors some alleles over others, improving match between organism and environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Habitat, Temporal, Behavioral, Mechanical, and Gametic Isolation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reduced hybrid viability, hybrid breakdown, reduced hybrid fertility. |
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Term
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Definition
| Geographic isolation leads to speciation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Populations are not isolated. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells have more than two complete sets of chromosomes, 80% of plants trace their origin to this. |
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Term
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Definition
| Earliest fossils, about 3.5 billion years old, photosynthetic bacteria. |
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