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| 400 B.C theorized pangenes that explained inheritance. |
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| 19th century inheritance hypothesis, couldn't explain re-emergence of traits in later generations. |
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| 1866, heritable factors are discrete, retain individuality. |
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| Transmission of trait from one generation to next. |
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| Scientific study of heredity. |
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| Heritable feature that varies among individuals. |
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| Self-fertilization produces offspring which are all identical to parent. |
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| Offspring of parents with different traits of character. |
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| Genetic cross between 2 individuals w/ 1 different trait. |
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| Mating between close relatives. |
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| Progeny display parental phenotypes (all genes for certain trait are dominant). |
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| 1) Alleles are alternative versions of genes. 2) Organism inherits 2 alleles, 1 from each parent. 3) If alleles differ, one is dominant, other is recessive: A) Genotype B) Phenotype. 4) Sperm and egg each carry 1 allele per character: A) Homozygous: identical alleles B) Heterozygous: different alleles. |
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| Traits most prevalent in natural population. |
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| Family tree for characteristics. |
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| Expression of both occur. One gene will cause variations in severity of the disease from none, to 50% mild, to 25% serious. |
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| Expression of both alleles produce a heterozygote distinct. Ex: AB blood type, pink flower, sickle cells. |
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| One gene effects several characteristics. |
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| One phenotypic character results from combination of several genes. |
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| Genes located close together on same chromosome - typically inherited together |
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| produces new allele combinations |
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| Recombination Frequency (rf) |
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| Measures relative distance between linked genes. Greater distance between genes = higher likelihood of recombination. |
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| Cold sores, gential herpes, chicken pox |
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| Which is hereditary material? DNA or protein? |
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| Hershey-Chase experiment showed that DNA is hereditary material. labeled one "phage" with sulfur (in protein) and phosphorus (in DNA). |
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| Phosphate, sugar, and Bases (nitrogenous). |
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| Convex nitrogenous DNA bases: A, G. |
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| Concave nitrogenous DNA bases: T, C. |
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| Strand of DNA, "spin" shape. |
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| Hold DNA polymers together, 3% strength of covalent bond (sugar/phosphate) backbone. |
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| Make up proteins, 20 on Earth. |
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| 3 RNA bases in row, majority specify amino acid, minority translate to stop. |
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| Conveys information for translation, has Uracil instead of Thymine and 2' hydroxyl. |
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| DNA > Transcription > RNA > Translation > Polypeptide Amino Acids. |
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| Transcription/Translation Process |
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| Ignition > Elongation (main process) > Termination |
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| Partial strand of DNA that codes for RNA. |
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| Unwinding of DNA & attachment of RNA polymerase to DNA; start of transcription (AUG codon). |
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| RNA grows from DNA and DNA strands come back together. |
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| Nucleic acid signal causes RNA polymerase to detach from DNA (UAA/UGA/UAG codon). |
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| Unique shape, anticodon loop, amino acid attachment site. Carriers of specific amino acids & detectors of info in codons. |
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| Make build polypeptides (amino acids) & proteins and several rRNA's; "molecular machine". |
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| Houses P < A sites for tRNA binding |
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| Houses mRNA binding site. |
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| Change of nucleotide sequence of DNA, arise from errors in replication or crossing over: 1) Substitution 2) Indels: insertion/deletion. |
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| Change results in different amino acid. |
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| Changes amino acid codon into a stop codon (UGA/UAA/UAG). |
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| Causes shift from the normal reading frame, then mRNA codes for wrong amino acids. |
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| Agents that cause mutations: UV light, Radiation, Chemicals. |
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| Makes DNA from RNA: AIDS virus, which has two strands of RNA & two copies of reverse transcriptase. |
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| Bacterial transfer of DNA |
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| 1) Transformation: frags of DNA from other bacteria are taken up. 2) Transduction: virus transfers DNA from one bacteria to another. 3) Cunjugation: Transfer of DNA from one cell to another by F-factor. |
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| Small circular DNA double strand molecule used as carrier for gene transfer (bacteria); can also be used in gene cloning. |
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| Transferrable R (resistant) plasmid in bacteria typically: anitbiotics. |
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| Level of flow through DNA to RNA to protein, alter due to enviroment, ect. High = high level of mRNA & protein. Low = low mRNA & protein. |
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| Active attachment site for RNA polymerase |
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| Between the promoter and gene in the operon that code for protein, is a DNA controled sequence. |
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| Produces repressor protein. |
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| DNA would twice around octamer of 8 Histone proteins, then forms Supercoil. |
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| Female mammals usually inactivate one X chromosomes. Can result in Barr bodies, and XO (Turners Syndrome). |
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| TBP (binding protein) site near gene transcription start site, serves as anchor. |
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| Signal Transduction Pathways |
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Definition
| Convert messages recieved at cell surface to responses with the cell. |
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| Genetically identical adult replica of an organism. |
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| Earlier embryo, can either be implanted in surrogate mother to birth clone offspring, or cultured stem cells can produce specialized cells. |
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| Uses adult stem cells, opposed to embryonic, in cloning and can give rise to many (not all) cell types of the organism. |
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| Multiple mutations in genes that control cell division; at least one oncogene is mutated and mutation/loss of several tumor supressors proteins: 1) Lung 2) Prostate 3) Breast 4) Colon; kills 1 in 5. |
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| Predisposed gene to cuase cancer. |
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| Produce proteins whose normal function is to inhibit cell division, some function in repair of DNA. |
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| Cancer-causing agents that alter DNA(?) |
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| Combination of DNA from two different sources: pest resistant gene inserted into plants. |
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| Used to protect bacterial cells from viruses, cut (double strand) and paste short DNA sequences (4-8 bases). |
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| Complementary DNA to mRNA, used in reverse transcriptase; can make genes for cloning. |
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| Labeled nucleic acid used to identify specific sequences in the genome and find them in "genome library". |
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| Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) |
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| Targets specific section of DNA and amplifies it in the laboratory. |
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| Creation of genetically identical offspring by single female parent. |
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| Duplicated DNA divide and seperate. |
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| 1) Prophase: chromosomes condense 2) Prometaphase: spindles push chromosome to "central plane" 3) Metaphase: chromosomes lined up on metaphase "plate" 4) Anaphase: centromeres split and duplicated chromosomes moves apart 5) Telophase: Nuclear envelopes surround sets of chromosomes (in animals followed by Cytokenesis: cell division). |
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