Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Biology 101
Exam #1 (Campbell 1-7)
67
Biology
Undergraduate 1
09/20/2011

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Genetics
Definition
A key basis to modern biology.
Term
Evolution
Definition
The key concept of biology.
Term
Physiology
Definition
How animals function.
Term
Ecology
Definition
How organisms exist.
Term
7 Properties of Life
Definition
1) Order 2) Reproduction 3) Growth & Development 4) Energy Processing 5) Response to Environment 6) Regulation 7) Evolutionary Adaptation
Term
3 Domains of Life
Definition
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya.
Term
Prokaryote
Definition
Cell with no nucleus: bacteria, cyano-bacteria, archaea.
Term
Eukaryote
Definition
Cell with nucleus and organelles: animals, plants, protist, and fungi.
Term
DNA
Definition
Hereditary material in all cells.
Term
Steps in Natural Selection
Definition
1) Varied Population 2) Elimination 3) Reproduction
Term
Scientific Method
Definition
Hypothesize, test hypothesis, draw conclusion.
Term
4 Most Common Elements in Humans
Definition
O, C, H, N
Term
Isotopes
Definition
Same # of electrons & protons, but different # of neutrons.
Term
Valence Shell
Definition
Outermost shell of electrons in atom, determines chemical properties.
Term
Ionic Bonds
Definition
Attractions between ions of opposing charge: Hydrogen.
Term
Electronegative Ion
Definition
Takes electron away from other atom in formation of compound: Na(+)Cl(-)
Term
Organic Compound
Definition
Carbon-based molecules.
Term
Isomers
Definition
Variations in shape of same molecular formula: length, branching, double bonds, rings.
Term
Enzyme
Definition
Special macromolecular proteins that speed up chemical reactions in cells by lowering energy barriers."ase"
Term
Monosaccharides
Definition
Simplest carbs: simple sugars, such as glucose & fructose.
Term
Polysaccharides
Definition
Long chains of monosaccharides; starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin.
Term
Lipids
Definition
Fat energy store compound, made of glycerol (alcohol) and fatty acids (carboxyl). Saturated = no double bonds. Unsaturated = few double bonds.
Term
Phospholipids & Steroids
Definition
Important lipids with a variety of functions. Phospholipids make up membranes.
Term
Proteins
Definition
Made of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. Always has amino - carbon - carboxyl.
Term
Nucleic Acids
Definition
DNA and RNA (rRNA & mRNA) are two types. DNA makes mRNA, makes proteins on ribosomes.
Term
Nucleotide
Definition
C, A, T, G, "bridge" of DNA, held by sugar-phosphate "backbone".
Term
Ribosomes
Definition
Attach at rough ER, make polypeptide proteins for use in cells and export.
Term
Chromatin
Definition
DNA + protein
Term
Smooth ER
Definition
Makes lipids, steroids, and stores calcium ions.
Term
Rough ER
Definition
Makes phospholipids like smooth ER, and proteins.
Term
Endocytosis / Exocytosis
Definition
Cellular shipping / receiving.
Term
Lysosomes
Definition
They digest damaged organelles, food, destruct bacteria. Enzymes & membranes made in rough ER.
Term
Vacuoles
Definition
Cellular containers (poisons) & secretors (water excretion).
Term
Peroxisomes
Definition
Metabolic compartments that can break down fatty acids, and detoxify the cell. NOT part of the endo-membrane system.
Term
Mitochondria
Definition
Harvest chemical energy from food, forming ATP.
Term
Microfilament
Definition
Part of cytoskeleton structure, smallest protein fiber made of Actin. They define cell shape and help it move.
Term
Intermediate Filament
Definition
Part of cytoskeleton structure, middle protein fiber that serve in cell shape and anchor organelles.
Term
Microtubules
Definition
Part of cytoskeleton structure, largest hollow tubes of globular proteins. They play a role in cell division and help organelles move.
Term
Phthates
Definition
Chemicals in plastics and cosmetics that interfere/mimic sex hormones, resulting in decreased sperm mobility.
Term
Integrin
Definition
Spans membrane & connects to proteins on microfilaments (inside), function to integrate.
Term
Tight Cell Junction
Definition
Tightly protein-knit membranes such as the plasma membrane, prevent leakage of molecules.
Term
Anchoring Cell Junction
Definition
Act like rivets, holding cells together, found in skin and heart.
Term
Gap Cell Junctions
Definition
Channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores, common in embryos.
Term
Golgi Apparatus
Definition
Modification and sorting of macromolecules, forms lysosomes and transport vesicles.
Term
Tonicity
Definition
ability of surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water.
Term
Aquaporin
Definition
A protein channel that facilitates the entry of water into plant, kidney, and red blood cells.
Term
4 Steps of Active Transport
Definition
1) Solute binds to inner transport protein 2) Phosphate detaches from ATP, attaches to transport protein 3) Transport protein changes shape via phosphate 4) Phosphate detaches from transport protein.
Term
Kinetic Energy
Definition
The energy of motion.
Term
Potential Energy
Definition
Energy that matter posses.
Term
Chemical Energy
Definition
Potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction.
Term
Exergonic Reaction
Definition
Energy releasing reaction.
Term
Endergonic Reaction
Definition
Yields energy.
Term
Enzyme Co-factors
Definition
Two types: metal & carbon molecules. Vitamins are in this category.
Term
Inhibitors
Definition
Chemical that interferes with an enzymes activity. There are two types: competitive & non-competitive.
Term
Photosynthesis
Definition
Energy harvesting system of green plants, takes in CO2 + H20 + sunlight & releases O2 + glucose (used to form ATP). 50% of carbs made, are used as fuel.
Term
Cellular Respiration
Definition
Energy harvesting system of animals, takes in O2 + glucose & releases heat energy, H2O, CO2.
Term
Redox reaction
Definition
A reduction is a gain of electrons, a oxidation is a loss of electrons, these always go together.
Term
NAD+
Definition
A co-enzyme/cofactor that is used for electron transfer. The reduced form is NADH.
Term
3 Stages of Cellular Respiration
Definition
1) Glycolysis 2) Pyruvate oxidation/citric acid cycle 3) Oxidative phosphorylation.
Term
Glycolysis
Definition
1st cellular respiration stage, breaks glucose into two pyruvate molecules (w/ 3 carbons each), takes place in cytosol, captures energy as ATP. Results in net gain of 2 ATP.
Term
Pyruvate Oxidation & Citric Acid Cycle
Definition
2nd cellular respiration stage, completely breaks down glucose into CO2, takes place mitochondria, generates ATP.
Term
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Definition
3rd stage in cellular respiration, first 2 were to "supply". Takes place in mitochondria and produces A LOT of ATP.
Term
Chemiosmosis
Definition
uses energy stored in a hydrogen ion gradient to produce ATP by action of oxidative phosphorylation (step 3).
Term
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Definition
Performed by muscle cells, allows NADH to be recycled back to NAD+ anaerobically.
Term
Autotrophs
Definition
make their own food without consuming organic materials.
Term
Heterotrophs
Definition
Organisms that consume plants, animals, or decompose organic matter.
Term
Calvin Cycle
Definition
Occurs in stroma of chloroplast, converting CO2 into organic molecules like the energy rich 3-carbon sugar.
Supporting users have an ad free experience!