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| A key basis to modern biology. |
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| The key concept of biology. |
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| 1) Order 2) Reproduction 3) Growth & Development 4) Energy Processing 5) Response to Environment 6) Regulation 7) Evolutionary Adaptation |
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| Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya. |
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| Cell with no nucleus: bacteria, cyano-bacteria, archaea. |
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| Cell with nucleus and organelles: animals, plants, protist, and fungi. |
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| Hereditary material in all cells. |
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| Steps in Natural Selection |
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| 1) Varied Population 2) Elimination 3) Reproduction |
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| Hypothesize, test hypothesis, draw conclusion. |
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| 4 Most Common Elements in Humans |
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| Same # of electrons & protons, but different # of neutrons. |
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| Outermost shell of electrons in atom, determines chemical properties. |
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| Attractions between ions of opposing charge: Hydrogen. |
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| Takes electron away from other atom in formation of compound: Na(+)Cl(-) |
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| Variations in shape of same molecular formula: length, branching, double bonds, rings. |
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| Special macromolecular proteins that speed up chemical reactions in cells by lowering energy barriers."ase" |
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| Simplest carbs: simple sugars, such as glucose & fructose. |
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| Long chains of monosaccharides; starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin. |
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| Fat energy store compound, made of glycerol (alcohol) and fatty acids (carboxyl). Saturated = no double bonds. Unsaturated = few double bonds. |
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| Important lipids with a variety of functions. Phospholipids make up membranes. |
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| Made of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. Always has amino - carbon - carboxyl. |
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| DNA and RNA (rRNA & mRNA) are two types. DNA makes mRNA, makes proteins on ribosomes. |
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| C, A, T, G, "bridge" of DNA, held by sugar-phosphate "backbone". |
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| Attach at rough ER, make polypeptide proteins for use in cells and export. |
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| Makes lipids, steroids, and stores calcium ions. |
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| Makes phospholipids like smooth ER, and proteins. |
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| Cellular shipping / receiving. |
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| They digest damaged organelles, food, destruct bacteria. Enzymes & membranes made in rough ER. |
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| Cellular containers (poisons) & secretors (water excretion). |
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| Metabolic compartments that can break down fatty acids, and detoxify the cell. NOT part of the endo-membrane system. |
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| Harvest chemical energy from food, forming ATP. |
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| Part of cytoskeleton structure, smallest protein fiber made of Actin. They define cell shape and help it move. |
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| Part of cytoskeleton structure, middle protein fiber that serve in cell shape and anchor organelles. |
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| Part of cytoskeleton structure, largest hollow tubes of globular proteins. They play a role in cell division and help organelles move. |
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| Chemicals in plastics and cosmetics that interfere/mimic sex hormones, resulting in decreased sperm mobility. |
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| Spans membrane & connects to proteins on microfilaments (inside), function to integrate. |
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| Tightly protein-knit membranes such as the plasma membrane, prevent leakage of molecules. |
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| Act like rivets, holding cells together, found in skin and heart. |
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| Channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores, common in embryos. |
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| Modification and sorting of macromolecules, forms lysosomes and transport vesicles. |
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| ability of surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water. |
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| A protein channel that facilitates the entry of water into plant, kidney, and red blood cells. |
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| 4 Steps of Active Transport |
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| 1) Solute binds to inner transport protein 2) Phosphate detaches from ATP, attaches to transport protein 3) Transport protein changes shape via phosphate 4) Phosphate detaches from transport protein. |
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| Energy that matter posses. |
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| Potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction. |
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| Energy releasing reaction. |
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| Two types: metal & carbon molecules. Vitamins are in this category. |
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| Chemical that interferes with an enzymes activity. There are two types: competitive & non-competitive. |
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| Energy harvesting system of green plants, takes in CO2 + H20 + sunlight & releases O2 + glucose (used to form ATP). 50% of carbs made, are used as fuel. |
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| Energy harvesting system of animals, takes in O2 + glucose & releases heat energy, H2O, CO2. |
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| A reduction is a gain of electrons, a oxidation is a loss of electrons, these always go together. |
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| A co-enzyme/cofactor that is used for electron transfer. The reduced form is NADH. |
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| 3 Stages of Cellular Respiration |
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| 1) Glycolysis 2) Pyruvate oxidation/citric acid cycle 3) Oxidative phosphorylation. |
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| 1st cellular respiration stage, breaks glucose into two pyruvate molecules (w/ 3 carbons each), takes place in cytosol, captures energy as ATP. Results in net gain of 2 ATP. |
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| Pyruvate Oxidation & Citric Acid Cycle |
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| 2nd cellular respiration stage, completely breaks down glucose into CO2, takes place mitochondria, generates ATP. |
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| Oxidative Phosphorylation |
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| 3rd stage in cellular respiration, first 2 were to "supply". Takes place in mitochondria and produces A LOT of ATP. |
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| uses energy stored in a hydrogen ion gradient to produce ATP by action of oxidative phosphorylation (step 3). |
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| Performed by muscle cells, allows NADH to be recycled back to NAD+ anaerobically. |
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| make their own food without consuming organic materials. |
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| Organisms that consume plants, animals, or decompose organic matter. |
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| Occurs in stroma of chloroplast, converting CO2 into organic molecules like the energy rich 3-carbon sugar. |
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