Term
| what are the 6 types of pathogens |
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Definition
bacterium
virus
fungus
protozoan
helminth
prion |
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Term
what are antibodies?
what are 2 ways they can work?
do they work on viruses? |
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Definition
proteins used to recognize, destroy, and remember pathogens
recognize pathogen and attack pathogen
DONT work on viruses |
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Term
| basic steps in the "life" cycle of a virus |
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Definition
land on a host cell
injects genetic material into host
genetic material inserts into hosts DNA
host makes viral genetic material
new virions assemble
host cel ruptures, releasing new virions killing host cell
new virions go infect other host cells |
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Term
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Definition
| recognize pathogen and attack it |
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Term
| what three main taks do antibodies perform |
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Definition
| recognize, destroy, remember pathogen |
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Term
| what part of the antibody binds to the antigen? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what cells make antibodies? |
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Definition
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Term
When a B-Cell attached to a pathogen and divides what two cells does it produce?
what are the functions of the cells? |
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Definition
Plasma Cell: procures mass quantities of the effective antibody
Memory Cell: remembers the pathogen |
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Term
| how does our body "remember" pathogens |
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Definition
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Term
| why is "memory" a good hing if we contaminated with the pathogen a second time? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| force production of memory cells that store antibodies for specific diseases |
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Term
| what three ways can antibody attachment kill or deactivate a pathogen |
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Definition
inactivates it
attracts phagocytes that consume it
triggers production of histamine |
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Term
what are three types of T-Cells?
what is the function of each? |
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Definition
Cytotoxic: kills infected host cell/ destroys cell membrane
Helper: activate B-Cells and Cytotoxic T-Cells
Suppressor: slow down immune system when pathogen is destroyed
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Term
| what is innate immunity? how is it different from specific immunity offered by antibodies? |
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Definition
| non-specific immunity we are born with |
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Term
| what steps lead to inflammation? |
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Definition
damaged cells release histamine
histamine makes blood vessels leak
phagocytes (in blood) released into damaged area
phagocytes consume pathogen
dead pathogens and phagocytes make up pus |
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Term
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Definition
| immune system response to foreign proteins that are not harmful |
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Term
| what is the difference between allergies and autoimmune disorders? |
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Definition
| alergies attack foreign proteins and autoimmune disorders the immune system attacks body's own proteins |
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Term
| what type of pathogen is HIV? |
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Definition
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Term
| HIV has two protein coats: why is this an advantage? |
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Definition
| immune system perceives that the virus is in the body |
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Term
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Definition
sexual contact
mother to child
blood to blood |
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Term
| how does HIV target the Helper T-Cells? |
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Definition
| binds to CD4 protein on the cell surface of helper T-Cells |
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|
Term
what are two treatments for HIV currently in use?
what are three treatments that are still being designed? |
|
Definition
cocktail plan and protease inhibitors
stop HIV binding to CD4
stop vDNA from dusing with host DNA
reaplce the immune system using stem cells from bone marrow |
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Term
| why is HIV infection so hard to treat? |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens in the first few months of HIV infection? |
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Definition
flu like symptoms
virus levels peak |
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|
Term
| how long can the HIV virus be dormant |
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Definition
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Term
| when is an HIV infection considered "AIDS" |
|
Definition
the helper T-Cells drop to 200cells/mm3 blood
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Term
| what type of symptoms does one get with the flu? |
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Definition
| fever, chills, body ache, headache, coughing, sore throat, weakness |
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Term
the flu is caused by a virus. what are three types of flu?
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|
Definition
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Term
what do H AND N labels on different strains of the flu indicate?
will the H and N proteins be the same each year? |
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Definition
determine if the immune system will recognize strain
no |
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Term
what is the swine flu?
do we know it was tranferred to humans from swine? |
|
Definition
Type A, H1N1 strain
droplet transmissable from swine to human |
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Term
| what are the hisorical reasons for health officals being concerend about the swine flu? |
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Definition
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Term
what type of pathogen causes tuberculosis
what are the symptoms? |
|
Definition
bacteria
blood cough, weight loss, fever |
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Term
| what are the two types of TB infection a person can have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
why are health officals concerned with tb?
wat is the death rate of TB if treatments dont work? |
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Definition
once easily treated with antibiotics, now multi-drug resistant strains exist
50% |
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Term
| why does evolution matter tp us from a health perspective |
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Definition
| pathogens are evolving resistance to treatments |
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Term
| what diseases discussed in class have evolved resistance to treatment |
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Definition
MRSA/VRSA
C-DIFF
flU
Tuberculosis
others |
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Term
| when resistance to an antibiotic occurs, who becomes resistant? |
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Definition
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|
Term
what is a species?
how can one determine if two organisms are the same species |
|
Definition
groups of similar organisms that can interbreed, offspring can breed
they can breed |
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|
Term
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Definition
| groups of organisms of teh same species that do interbreed |
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Term
| how does allele frequency play a role in microevolution? |
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Definition
| how often the allele occurs |
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Term
| how is skin color in humans an example of natural selection |
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Definition
| adapt to the enviornment so you have a better chance to survive |
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|
Term
| what are the key concepts of natural selection |
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Definition
variation
overproduction
competition
surivival to reproduce |
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Term
| what role do resources and predators play in natural selection |
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Definition
| indidvuals struggle for reosurces and to avoid predators |
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Term
| what does "fitness" relate to? |
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Definition
| the one with the most surviving offspring |
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Term
| why is using antibiotics, antibacterial, and anti-viral drugs ptentially harmful |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is there a safe alternative to antibacterial cleaning prodcuts |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| three ways microevolution can happen? |
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Definition
natural selection
gene flow
genetic drift |
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|
Term
when does gene flow occur?
does it increase diversity or decrease diversity? |
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Definition
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|
Term
what is genetic drift?
what are two ways it can occur?
does genetic drift increase or decrease diversity? |
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Definition
chance change in allele frequencies in a population
bottleneck effect
founder's effect
increase |
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|
Term
| what is the bottleneck effect and how is it an example of microevolution |
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Definition
population reduced to smaller numbers and some alleles lost
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Term
| what is the founder effect and how is it an example of mircoevolution? |
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Definition
part of population mirgrates to new place to make new population
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Term
| what is the difference between gene flow and the founder effect |
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Definition
| gene flow is movement of population and the founder effect moves population and makes a completely new population |
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Term
| what is variation/diversity so important for a population in changing enviornemnts |
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Definition
mutations forms new alleles
variety of alleles helps populations adapt to changes in enviornment
lack of variety and changes in enviornemtnare leading causes of extinction
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Term
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Definition
| death of all members of a species |
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Term
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Definition
| formation of a new species when two populations change sso much they can no longer reproduce |
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Term
| what are 5 tolls we use to study macroevolution? |
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Definition
fossil record
radiometric dating
comparative morphology
gene modification
witness it |
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|
Term
| what does the term morphology mean? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| what does it indicate when two species have similar morphology |
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Definition
| compares the shape of different species to find similarites |
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|
Term
| how does gene modification tel us how closely realted two species are? |
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Definition
| the more similar the gene sequence between two species, the closer they are evolutionarly |
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