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Definition
| means "mouth first"; mouth forms from the blastopore during embryonic development; have spiral cleavage |
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| means "mouth second"; anus forms from the blastopore during embryonic development; has radial cleavage |
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Definition
| outpockets of the primitive gut that produces the coelom |
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Definition
| bilaterally symmetrical larvae of echinoderms |
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| first deuterostomes to evolve; name means "spiny skin"; endoskeleton is composed of hard, calcium-rich plates called ossicles |
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Definition
| a hydraulic system that aids in movement that is a key innovation of echinoderms |
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| 6 things that all chordates must have at some point in their lifetime |
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Definition
1) a notochord 2) a nerve cord (a single dorsal hollow nerve cord) 3)pharyngeal pouches 4) postanal tail 5) deuterostome development 6) segmentation |
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| how vertebrates are distinguished |
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Definition
1) must have a back bone comprised of a series of hollow bones that replaces the notochord 2) head with a skull and brain |
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| Carboniferous Period (360-280 MYA) |
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Definition
| the time period when vertebrates invaded the land (the first ones being the amphibians) |
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| 4 common characteristics of all fish |
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Definition
1) gills 2) vertebral column 3) single-loop blood circulation 4) nutritional deficiencies |
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Definition
| the only extant group of jawless fish; word translates to "without teeth"; examples include lampreys and hagfish |
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Definition
| translates to "cartilage fish"; examples include sharks and rays |
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| characteristics of chondrichthyes |
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Definition
1)cartilaginous skeleton 2) marine (saltwater) origins 3) no air bladder 4) replaceable teeth 5)gill slits 6) skin with denticles 7) internal fertilization (males w/ claspers) 8) asymmetrical tails |
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Definition
| translates to "bone fish"; all fish other than sharks and rays |
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| characteristics of Osteichthyes |
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Definition
1)bony skeleton 2) freshwater origins 3) air bladder 4) lateral line system 5) operculum (cover gill slits) 6) thin scales 7) external fertilization 8) symmetrical tails |
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| 5 key characteristics that have allowed amphibians to successfully invade land |
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Definition
1) legs 2) lungs 3) cutaneous respiration 4) pulmonary veins 5) partially divided heart |
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| 4 parts of the amniotic egg |
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Definition
1)chorion-allows O2 to enter but not the exit of H2O 2)amnion- fluid filled cavity surrounding the embryo 3)yolk sac- connects to gut & delivers food to the embryo 4)allantois- accumulates wastes from the embryo |
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| 4 surviving orders of reptiles |
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Definition
1)Chelonia- turtles and tortoises 2)Rhynchocephalia- tuitaras 3)Squamata- lizards and snakes 4)Crocodylia- crocodiles and alligators |
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Term
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Definition
| light sensing organ on the top of the head of a tuatara |
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| 6 things that make mammals unique compared to all other organisms |
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Definition
1) hair 2) mammory glands 3) endothermy (warm blooded) 4) circulation (4 chambered heart) 5) Respiration (with diaphragm and thoracic breathing) 6) placenta (most have this) |
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Definition
| what bats use to navigate in the dark |
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Definition
1) Prototheria (most primitive)- only living group (Monotremes) which includes the platypus and echidna 2) Theria- two living groups, the marsupials and palcental mammals |
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2 things that make primates unique |
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Definition
1) grasping fingers and toes (opposable digit) 2) binocular vision |
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Definition
| body structures comprised of several different tissues grouped together into a larger structure to and functional unit |
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Definition
| a group of organs that work together to carry out an important function |
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| 11 Vertebrate Body Organ Systems |
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Definition
1) skeletal 2)circulatory 3) endocrine 4)nervous 5) respiratory 6) Lymphatic/Immune 7) digestive 8) urinary 9) muscular 10) reproductive 11) integumentary |
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Definition
1) thoracic cavity 2) abdominal cavity |
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Definition
| body cavity that contains the heart and lungs |
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Definition
| body cavity that contains organs such as the stomach, liver, and intestines |
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| 4 vertebrate tissue types |
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Definition
1) epithelial 2) connective 3) muscle 4) nerve |
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Definition
| on the outside of everything; anywhere there is a boundary |
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Definition
| structure; stuff between stuff |
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three functions of epithelial tissue |
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Definition
1) protect tissues beneath it from dehydration 2) to provide sensory surfaces 3) to secrete materials |
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Definition
1) simple- one layer *squamous- 'squished' irregular shape *cuboidal- 'cube-shaped' *columnar- 'column-shaped' 2) stratified- several cell layers thick |
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| 2 types of connective tissue |
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Definition
1) loose- less matrix 2) dense- more matrix examples of connective tissue include cartilage, bone, and blood |
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Term
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Definition
| made up of fat-accumulating cells that contain vacuoles for storing fat |
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Definition
| red blood cells that transport O2 and CO2 in the blood; also help to move the plasma |
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Definition
| cell that engulfs and digests invaders |
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Definition
| attack virus infected cells or make antibodies |
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Definition
| the outer layer of bone that is very dense |
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Definition
| interior of bone which has a more open lattice structure |
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Definition
| lay down collagen fibers along the lines of stress; deposit or rebuilds bone after it has been broken down |
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Definition
| break down bone and release calcium; if this is over reactive, it can cause a condition called osteoporosis |
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Term
| central canal (Haversian canal) |
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Definition
| a central channel around which bone is laid down in thin, concentric layers |
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Definition
| the many contractible protein fibers inside muscles; made up of actin and myosin |
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Term
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Definition
| these muscle cells are long and spindle-shaped; found in areas such as the walls of blood vessels and the gut |
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3 types of muscle tissue types |
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Definition
1) smooth 2)skeletal 3) cardiac |
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Definition
| keep each cardiac muscle cell coupled to its neighbors electronically |
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Definition
| specialized cells for transmitting nerve impulses |
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Definition
| supporting cells that supply neurons with nutrition, support, and insulation |
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Definition
1) cell body 2) dendrites 3) axon |
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Definition
| extensions from the cell body of a neuron that act as antennae to recieve nerve impulses |
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Definition
| a single, long extension which carries nerve impulses away from the body |
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Definition
1) sensory 2) motor 3) association |
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Definition
| type of skeleton that have fluid-filled cavities encircled by muscles that raise the pressure of the fluid when they constrict |
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Definition
| skeletons that surround the body as a rigid hard case to which muscles attach internally |
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Definition
| rigid internal skeletons to which muscles are attached |
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Definition
| made up of the skull, backbone, and rib cage |
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Definition
| made up of the bones of the arms and legs and the girdles where they attach to the axial skeleton |
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Definition
| girdle that forms the shoulder joint |
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Definition
| girdle that forms the hip joint |
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Term
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Definition
| straps of dense connective tissue that attach muscles to bone |
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Term
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Definition
| the _____ of the muscle is the end of the muscle attached to a bone that remains stationary during a contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| the _______of the muscle is attached to a bone that moves if the muscle contracts |
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Term
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Definition
| bones pivot about flexible connections called ____ |
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Term
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Definition
| when the muscle shortens as it contracts |
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Term
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Definition
| when the muscle does not shorten when it contracts |
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Definition
| the contractile unit of muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| the actin filaments are anchored to one end of the sarcomere called the _____ |
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Term
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Definition
| these regulatory proteins block access of myosin to actin |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid that is neither in the blood stream nor the lympahatic system; the fluid that is in between |
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Term
| functions of the circulatory system |
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Definition
1) transportation 2) regulation 3) protection |
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Term
| countercurrent heat exchange |
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Definition
| heat exchange that helps an animal regulate body temperature |
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Term
| order of blood flow (starting with the heart) |
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Definition
away from the heart: 1) heart, 2) arteries, 3) arterioles, 4) capillaries to the heart: 5) venules, 6) veins, 7) hearts |
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Term
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Definition
| blocks off blood flow to the capillaries in extreme situations |
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4 layers in arteries and arterioles |
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Definition
1) connective tissue 2) smooth muscle 3) Elastic Layer 4) Endothelial Cells |
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Term
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Definition
| another word for swelling |
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Term
| 3 functions of the lymphatic system |
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Definition
1) it returns proteins to circulation 2) transports fats absorbed from the intestine 3) aids in the body's defense |
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Term
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Definition
| circulation that goes to and from the heart and lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| circulation that goes to and from the heart and the rest of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| atrium is divided by a ______ that separates the blood coming from the body and from the lungs |
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