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| Chemical processes that occur in cells including the breakdown of substances to produce energy, the synthesis of substances, and the excretion of wastes. General term used to describe chemical reactions occurring in the body |
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| Fundamental forms of matter, composed of atoms. |
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| Smallest units that have properties of any given element |
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| Different regions/poles of molecule have different charges |
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| Weak attraction between hydrogen atoms and oxygen atoms in adjacent molecules |
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| Tendency of molecules to stick together. |
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| Chem concerned with complex carbon containing molecules. |
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| Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. (You need a LOT of these) |
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| Sugars. Provide major source of energy for daily activities. Breads, cereal, rice, pasta, fruits, vegetables. |
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| Structural components of cells, making up 1/2 of their dry weight. Composed of amino acids. |
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| Monomer sub-units making up proteins. |
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| Partially or fully hydrophobic organic molecules made primarily of hydrocarbons. Include fats, steroids, and phospholipids. |
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| Long strings of monomers called nucleotides, which are made of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen containing base. |
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| Plays key role in helping cells synthesize proteins. |
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| Substances in food that provide structural materials or energy. |
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| Nutrients required in large amounts. Water, carbs, protein, fats. |
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| Multi-subunits composed of many different branching chains of sugar monomers, digested more slowly by the body. Endurance athletes will load up on these for days before a race to have easily accessible energy to draw on. |
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| Composed mainly of complex carbs that humans can't digest. Helps maintain healthy cholesterol levels. |
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| Amino acids which your body cannot synthesize. Must be supplied by food. |
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| When carbons of a fatty acid are bound to as many hydrogens as possible. |
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| When there are carbon-to-carbon double bonds and the fat isn't saturated in hydrogens |
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| Straight chain saturated fats with fatty acids in a trans form. Not required or beneficial. |
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| Molecules that help enzymes, speeding up the body's chemical reactions. (Many vitamins act as these) |
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| Substances that don't contain carbon, but are essential for many cell functions. Important for fluid balance, muscle contraction, condition of nerve impulses, and building bones and teeth. |
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| Thought to play key role in prevention of many diseases. |
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| Speed up/catalyze rate of reactions. Help body break down foods and release their energy. |
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| When substances diffuse across a plasma membrane. |
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| Movement of water across a membrane. |
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| Transport that uses protein powered by energy currency ATP to move substances up a concentration gradient. |
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| Disorder of carbohydrate metabolism characterized by body's impaired ability to respond to insulin. |
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| Progressive increase in Earth's average temp. Caused by recent increases in concentration of gases including methane, nitrous oxide, water vapor, and carbon dioxide. |
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| Phenomenon caused by presence of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. |
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| Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) |
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| Produced when chemical bonds are broken in 3-step process. Behaves like a coiled spring to release energy to perform cellular work. |
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| When the terminal phosphate group of an ATP molecule can be transferred to another molecule/enzyme to "energize" it. |
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| Enzymatic conversion of glucose into two pyruvic acid molecules which are further broken down into mitochondria. |
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| When cells generate energy in absence of oxygen. |
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| When cells of a malignant (cancerous) tumor can break away and start new cancers at other locations. |
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| Asexual division that produces daughter cells which are exact replicas of parent cell. Part of the cell cycle. |
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| When DNA replicates for mitosis. |
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| When cytoplasm of parent cell splits. |
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| Genes that encode proteins regulating the cell cycle. (Means before cancer) Become oncogenes when they become mutated. |
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| Form of cell division occurring only in specialized cells within gonads (sex organs) |
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| Specialized sex cells (sperm or egg) produced during meiosis. |
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| Traits with easily identifiable patterns of inheritance. |
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Genotype-One's genetic composition
Phenotype-One's physical traits |
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| Genetic crosses involving 2 traits. |
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| Situation by which two different alleles of a gene are both expressed in an individual. (Alleles are equally applied) |
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| Traits that are affected by interactions between genes and the environment. |
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| Non-sex chromosomes which make up 22 of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in human men. The other pair are the sex chromosomes. |
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| Family tree that follows inheritance of a genetic trait for many generations. |
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