Term
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Definition
| study of biological form of an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| study of biological functions of an organism performs |
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Term
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Definition
| reflects different species adaptations to a similar environmental challenge |
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Term
| What must be exchanged across the cell membrane of animal cells? In what form? |
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Definition
| nutrients, waste products, and gases. In aqueous form. |
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Term
| In vertebrates the space between cells is filled with___? which allows? |
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Definition
interstitial fluid.
This allows for movement of material in and out of cells |
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Term
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Definition
| groups of specialized cells that have different functions |
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Term
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Definition
| made up of tissues. Unit for specialized function. |
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Definition
disposal of metabolic wastes; regulation of osmotic balance.
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra |
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Definition
| coordination of body activities; detection of stimuli and formulation of responses to them. Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs |
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Definition
gas exchange (up take of oxygen and disposal of carbon dioxide).
Lungs, trachea, other breathing tubes |
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Term
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Definition
internal distribution of materials
heart blood vessels and blood |
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Term
| 4 Main categories of tissues |
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Definition
1. epithelial
2. connective
3. muscle
4. nervous |
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Term
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Definition
| covers the outside of the body and lines the organs and cavities within the body |
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Term
| Types of Epithelial Tissue (5) |
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Definition
-stratified squamous epithelium (mouth)
-pseudostratified columnar epithelium
-simple squamous epithelium
-simple columnar epithelium
-cuboidal epithelium |
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Definition
| mainly binds and supports other tissues |
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Term
| 6 Main types of connective tissue in vertebrates |
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Definition
-loose connective tissue
-fibrous connective tissue
-blood
-bone
-cartilage
-adipose tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of long cells called muscle fibers, which contract in response to nerve signals |
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Term
| 3 Main types of muscle tissue in vertebrates |
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Definition
skeletal muscle
smooth muscle
cardiac muscle |
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Term
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Definition
senses stimuli and transmits signals throughout the animal.
Neurons and Glia |
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Term
| Control and Coordination within the body depend on these 2 Systems: |
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Definition
Endocrine System- chemical signals via hormones
Nervous System- electrical and chemical signals via nerve impulses |
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Term
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Definition
uses internal control mechanisms to moderate internal change
ex) river otter (temp) |
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Term
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Definition
allows its internal condition to vary within certain external changes
ex) large-mouth bass (temp) |
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Term
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Definition
| maintain "steady state" or internal balance regardless of external environment |
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Term
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Definition
| variable that fluctuates above or below a set point. detected by a sensor and trigger response. |
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Term
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Definition
| returns variable to set point |
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Term
| Homeostasis Regulates (3) |
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Definition
Body temp.
Blood pH.
Glucose Concentration. |
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Term
| How do homeostatic Control Systems function? |
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Definition
| negative feedback. where buildup of end product shuts the system off. |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range |
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Term
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Definition
generate heat by metabolism. Active at a greater range of external temperature.
more energetically expensive
birds and mammals |
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Term
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Definition
gain heat from external sources.
most invertebrates, fish, amphibians, nonavion reptiles.
tolerate greated variation of internal temperature. |
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Term
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Definition
| skin, hair, nails. involved in heat regulation. |
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Term
| 5 Adaptations help Animals Thermoregulate |
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Definition
1. insulation
2. circulatory adaptations
3. cooling by evaporative heat loss
4. behavioral responses
5. Adjusting metabolic heat production |
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Term
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Definition
function in both digestion and distribution of substances throughout the body.
Body wall that encloses it is 2 cells thick
ex) cnidarians (jellies) |
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Term
| Circulatory System has (3) |
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Definition
-circulatory fluid
-set of interconnecting vessels
-muscular pump (heart)
Connects the fluid that surround the cells with the organs that exchange gases, absorb nutrients, and dispose of wastes. |
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Term
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Definition
blood bathes the organs directly(fluid that is pumped comes in direct contact with all cells).
insects, other arthropods, and most molluscs |
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Term
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Definition
| both the circulatory fluid and interstitial fluid |
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Term
| Closed Circulatory System |
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Definition
blood is confined to vessels and is distinct from the intersitual fluid.
more efficient at transporting circulatory fluids to tissues and cells.
annelids, cephalopods, vertebrates |
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Term
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Definition
single circulation.
2 chambered heart.
Heart only receives oxygen poor blood |
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Term
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Definition
double circulation.
3 chambered heart.
partial mixing of blood in ventrical
-pulmocutaneous- gas also exchanged across skin |
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Term
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Definition
gas exchanged across skin
ex) amphibians |
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Term
| Circulation: Mammals and Birds |
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Definition
double circulation.
4 chambered heart.
complete septum between atria and ventricles prevents mixing blood |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Basic Function of Mammalian Hearts |
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Definition
| blood enters through an atrium and is pumped out through a ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
thin walls
serve as collection chambers |
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Term
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Definition
muscular and contract forcefully
(esp left) |
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Term
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Definition
| 4. prevent backflow of blood in the heart |
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Term
| Atrio Ventricular (AV) Valves |
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Definition
| separate each atrium and ventricle. |
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Term
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Definition
| control blood flow to the aorta and the pulmonary artery |
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Term
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Definition
| rhythmic cycle of the heart contracting and relaxing |
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Term
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Definition
| contraction or pumping phase |
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Term
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Definition
| relaxation or filling phase |
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Term
| Blood Vessels Include (3) |
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Definition
Arteries
Capillaries
Venules |
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Term
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Definition
branch into arterioles adn carry blood away from the heart to capillaries.
have endothelium, smooth muscle and connective tissue.
Have thicker walls than veins to accommodate the high pressure of blood being pumped from the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| microscopic vessels with thin walls, endothelium and basal lamina to facilitate exchange of material |
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Term
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Definition
Network of capillaries.
sites of chemical exchange between blood and intersitual fluid |
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Term
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Definition
small veins- converge into veins and return blood from capillaries towards the heart.
have endothelium, smooth muscle, and connective tissue.
Blood flows back to the heart as a result of muscle action. 1-way valves maintain the direction of blood flow. |
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Term
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Definition
epithelial layer.
smooth and minimizes resistance |
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Term
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Definition
| blood vessel's cavity. Lined with endothelium. |
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Term
| Blood Flow Through the Human heart |
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Definition
-oxygen rich blood from the lungs enters the heart at the left atrium and is pumped through the aorta to the body tissues by the left ventricle.
-blood begins to flow from the heart with the right ventricle pumping blood to the lungs, where the blood loads oxygen and unloads carbon dioxide.
-The Aorta provides blood to the heart through the coronary arteries
-Blood returns to the right atrium through the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava |
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Term
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Definition
| blood from head, neck and fore limbs |
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Term
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Definition
| blood from trunk, and himd limbs |
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Term
| Where is velocity of blood the slowest? |
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Definition
| Capillary Beds. Result of high resistance and large total cross-sectional area. (necessarily slow for exchange of materials). |
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Term
| Blood flows from areas of ___ pressure to areas of ____ pressure. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| pressure that blood exerts against the wall of a vessel |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized connective tissue. Consists of several kinds of cells. 45% cellular elements and 55 % plasma |
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Term
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Definition
| iron-containing protein that transports oxygen. Binds up to 4 molecules of oxygen. In red blood cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| red blood cells. lack nuclei and mitochondria. |
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Term
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Definition
55% of the volume of blood.
made up of water (solvent for carrying other substances, 90%),
ions: (blood electrolytes)sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate(osmotic balance, pH buffering and regulation membrane permeability),
plasma proteins: albumin (osmotic balance, pH buffering) Fibrinogen (clotting), Immunoglobulins (antibodies). |
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Term
| Substances Transported by Blood |
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Definition
| nutrients, waste products, respiratory gases, hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
45% of blood volume.
White blood cells-
-platelets
-red blood cells |
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Term
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Definition
white blood cells.
basophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes.
Defense and immunity.
5000-10000 per mm3 of blood. |
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Term
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Definition
Blood clotting
250000-400000 per mm3 of blood |
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Term
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Definition
Red blood Cells.
Transport of oxygen and some carbon dioxide.
5-6 mill per mm3 of blood |
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Term
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Definition
| supplies oxygen for cellular respiration and disposes of carbon dioxide |
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Term
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Definition
| pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases |
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Term
| Gas diffuses from a region of ____partical pressure to a region of ____partical pressure |
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Definition
higher to lower.
Gases diffuse down pressure gradients in the lungs and other organs as a result of difference in particle pressure. |
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Term
| How does gas exchange across respiratory surfaces? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| outer surface, skin, gills, trachea, and lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| outfoldings of the body that create a large surface area for gas exchange. |
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Term
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Definition
blood flows in the opposite direction to water passing over the gills; blood is always less saturated with oxygen than the water it meets
ex) fish |
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Term
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Definition
consists of tiny branching tubes that penetrate the body, which supply oxygen directly to body cells
ex) insects |
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Term
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Definition
localized respiratory organs made from an infolding of the body surface.
size and complexity correlate with animals metabolic rate. |
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Term
| Air inhaled through nostrils is: |
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Definition
| warmed, humidified, and sampled for odors. |
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Term
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Definition
| directs air to the lungs and food to the stomach |
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Term
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Definition
| tips the epiglottis over the glottisin the pharynx to prevent food from entering the trachea. |
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Term
| Inhaled Air Passes Through |
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Definition
| pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli. |
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Term
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Definition
| passes over vocal cords in the larynx to create sound. |
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Term
| Where does Gas Exchange Take Place? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
air sacs at the tips of bronchioles.
Oxygen diffuses through the most film of the epithelium and into capillaries, while carbon dioxide diffuses from the capillaries across the epithelium and into the air space. |
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Term
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Definition
| process that ventilates the lungs. Alternate inhalation and exhalation of air. |
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Term
| Positive Pressure Breathing |
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Definition
| forces air down the trachea. Amphibians such as frogs ventilate their lungs by this. |
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Term
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Definition
| have 8 or 9 air sacs that function as bellows that keep air flowing through the lungs in one direction |
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Term
| Negative Pressure Breathing |
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Definition
| pulls air into the lungs. mammals. lungs volume increases as the rib muscles and diaphragm contract. After exhalation, a residual volume of air remains in the lungs. |
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Term
| What facilitates the exchange of gases? |
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Definition
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Term
| Partial pressure gradients favor... |
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Definition
| the diffusion of oxygen into the interstitial fluids and carbon dioxide into the blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins that transport oxygen, greatly increase the amount of oxygen that blood can carry |
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Term
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Definition
| copper as the oxygen-binding component. arthropods and many mollusks. |
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Term
| Pathway of Respiratory Gases in the Circulatory System (8) |
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Definition
1.inhaled air
2. alveolar spaces
3. pulmonary veins
4. systemic arteries
5. body tissue
6. systemic veins
7. pulmonary arteries
8. Exhaled air |
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Term
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Definition
| regulates solute concentrations and balances the gain and loss of water between internal fluid and the external environment |
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Term
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Definition
| gets rid of nitrogenous metabolites and other waste products |
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Term
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Definition
| the solute concentration of a solution, determines the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 solutions have the same osmolarity |
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Term
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Definition
| solution with greater concentration of solutes |
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Term
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Definition
| solution with lower concentration of solutes |
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Term
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Definition
isoomotic with their surroundings and do not regulate their osmolarity
ex) some marine animals |
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Term
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Definition
| expand energy to control water uptake and loss in a hyperosmotic or hyposmotic environment |
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Term
| Osmoregulation in Aquatic Animals |
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Definition
| marine bony fishes are hypoosmotic to environment and freshwater fishes are hyperosmotic. |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized for moving solutes in specific directions, typically arranged in complex tubular networks. ex. nasal glands of marine birds remove excess NaCl from the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| Nitrogenous breakdown products of proteins and nucleic acids. |
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Term
| Proteins and Nucleic Acids Broken Down |
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Definition
| for energy or converted to carbohydrates or fats. Enzymes remove N in the form of NH3 (very toxic) |
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Term
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Definition
| access to lots of water. Release across whole body surface or through gills |
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Term
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Definition
| live of mammals and most amphibians converts ammonia to urea. Circulatory system carries urea to kidneys where it's excreted. Energetically expansive; requires less water than ammonia. |
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Term
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Definition
insects, landsnails, many reptiles, birds.
relatively non-toxic, does not dissolve readily in water.
secreted as paste with little water loss
more energetically expensive to produce than urea |
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Term
| Excretory System Key Functions (4) |
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Definition
1.filtration
2.reabsorption
3.secretion
4.excretion |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| reclaiming valuable solutes and returning them to body fluids |
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Term
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Definition
| extracting non-essential solutes and adding them to filtrate |
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Term
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Definition
| processed filtrate containing nitrogenous wastes is released from the body |
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Term
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Definition
network of dead-end tubules connected to external openings that excrete a dilute fluid and function in osmoregulation
ex) flatwors, rotifers,etc |
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Term
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Definition
consists of tubules that collect coelomic fluid and produce dilute urine for excretion.
-annelids (earthworms) each segment of earthworm has a pair of open-ended metanephridia. |
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Term
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Definition
remove wastes from hemolymph and function in osmoregulation.
insects- dry waste matter, many uric acid. some take up water from air. |
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Term
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Definition
Blood pressure forces fluid from the blood in the glomerulus into Bowman's capsule. The filtrate produced contains salt, glucose, amino acids, vitamins, nitrogenous wastes and other small molecules.
Turning this filtrate into urine can be described by following its path through five parts of the nephron and collecting duct. |
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Term
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Definition
reabsoption of ions, water and nutrients
molecules are transported actively and passively from the filtrate into the interstitial fluid and then capillaries =.
Toxic materials are activerly secreted into the filtrate
as the filtrate passes through the proximal tubule, materials to be excreted become concentrated. |
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Term
| 2.Descending Limp and Loop of Henle |
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Definition
reabsorption of water continues.
movement is driven by the high osmolarity of the intersitial fluid which is hyperosmotic to the filtrate
filtrate becomes increasingly concentrated |
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Term
| 3.Ascending Limp and Loop of Henle |
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Definition
| Salt but not water is able to diffuse from the tubules into the interstitial fluid. Filtrate becomes increasingly dilute. |
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Term
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Definition
distal tubule regulates the K and NaCl concentrations of body fluids
Controlled movement of ions contributes to pH regulation |
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Term
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Definition
Carries filtrate through the medulla to the renal pelvis.
Reabsorption of solutes and water; urine is hyperosmotic to body fluids |
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Term
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Definition
| high solutes, not enough water |
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Term
| Ability to Conserve Water Requires |
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Definition
| a considerable amount of energy to transport solutes against concentration gradients |
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Term
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Definition
inhabits dry environments: have longer loops of henle
freshwater: short loops |
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Term
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Definition
| short loops of henle, conserve water by excreting uric acid instead of urea |
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Term
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Definition
| have only cortical nephrons but also excrete nitrogenous waste as uric acid |
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Term
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Definition
freshwater: gain water loose salt. hyperosmotic to their surroundings, have many nephrons, conserve salt in their distal tubules and excrete large volumes of dilute urine(amphibians are similar)
Maine bony fish: hypoosmotic compared to their environment, fewer and smaller nephrons, lack distal tubules and excrete small amounts of urine. |
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Term
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Definition
| nerve cells that transfer information within the body using 2 types of signals to communicate and electrical signals (long-distance) and chemical signals (short-distance) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| complex organization of neurons |
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Term
| Nervous System Processes Info in 3 Stages |
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Definition
1. sensory input
2. integration
3. motor output |
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Term
| Central Nervous System (CNS) |
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Definition
| where integration takes place; this includes the brain and a nerve cord |
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Term
| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
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Definition
| carries information into and cut of the CNS. |
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Term
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Definition
| bundles of neurons of the PNS |
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Term
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Definition
| integrate the information. located in brain and ganglia. |
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Term
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Definition
| trigger muscle or gland activity. How motor output leaves the brain or ganglia |
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Term
| Where are most of a neuron's organelles? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| highly branched extensions that receive signals from other neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| much longer extension with a cone-shapped base called the axon hillock |
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Term
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Definition
| cone-shaped base of an axon |
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Term
| Synaptic Terminal of an Axon |
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Definition
| passes info across the synapse in the form of chemical messengers |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical messengers that is passes information across the synapse |
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Term
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Definition
| junction between an axon and another cell |
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Term
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Definition
a neuron.
presynaptic neuron synthesizes and packages the neurotransmitter in synaptic vesicles located in the synaptic terminal |
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Term
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Definition
| neuron, muscle, or gland cell. |
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Term
| Information is transmitted from a _____ to a _____. |
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Definition
presynaptic cell
postsynaptic cell |
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Term
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Definition
| cells that nourish or insulate most neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| voltage; every cell has a difference in electrical charge across its plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| changes in membrane potential that transmits and processes information. |
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Term
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Definition
open and close in response to stimuli
causes change in membrane potential in neurons.
K+ diffuses out, making the inside of the cell more negative |
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Term
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Definition
| increase in magnitude of the membrane potential |
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Term
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Definition
reduction in the magnitude of the membrane potential.
Triggered by opening other types of ion channels.
ex) occurs if gated Na+ channels open and Na+ diffuses into the cell |
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Term
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Definition
massive change in membrane voltage
resulting from depolarization
Constant magnitude, all-or-none, transmit signals over long distances.
arise because some ion channel are voltage-gated, opening or closing when the membrane potential passes a certain level.
Action potentials are generally not transmitted for neurons to other cells, but information is.
Causes the release of the neurotransmitter, which diffuses across the synaptic cleft adn is received by the postsynaptic cell. |
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Term
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Definition
1.resting state
2. depolarization
3. rising phase of action potential
4. falling phase of action potential
5. undershoot
6. Resting potential |
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Term
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Definition
after an action potential, a second action potential cannot be an initiated
Result of temporary inactivation of the Na+ channels |
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Term
| Where is action potential generated |
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Definition
| uxually the axon hillock. nodes of ranvier |
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Term
| What happens at a site where action potential is generated |
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Definition
| electrical current depolarizes the neighboring region of the axon membrane |
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Term
| How do action potentials Travel |
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Definition
| one direction; towards the synaptic terminals |
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Term
| Speed of Action Potential |
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Definition
increases with axon's diameter
myelin sheath also increases speed |
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Term
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Definition
| gaps in myelin sheath where voltage-gated Na+ channels are found. |
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Term
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Definition
| electrical current does flow from one neuron to another |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical neurotransmitter carries information across the gap junction |
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Term
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Definition
| more than 100. Each with more than a dozen different receptors |
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Term
| Major neurotransmitters (5) |
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Definition
Acetylcholine
amino acids (GABA, glutamate, glycine)
biogenic amines (norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin)
neuropeptides (substancce P, met-enkenphalin, etc)
gases(nitric oxide) |
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Term
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Definition
series of interconnected nerve cells
cnidarians |
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Term
| Vertebrate Nervous System |
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Definition
CNS- brain and spinal cord
PNS- nerves and ganglia |
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Term
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Definition
| conveys info from and to the brain, but also produces reflexes independently of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
inside the hollow central canal of the spinal cord & ventricles of the brain
Its filtered from the blood and provides cushion, nutrients and removes wastes |
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Term
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Definition
| cells that nourish, support and regulate the functioning of neurons |
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Term
| The Brain and Spinal Cord Contain: |
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Definition
| gray matter and white matter |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of bundles of myelinated axons |
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Term
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Definition
| includes the motor nerves and sensory nerves |
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Term
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Definition
| regulates involuntary muscle movement in the digestive, cardiovascular, excretory and exdocrine systems. |
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Term
| 3 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System |
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Definition
sympathetic division
parasympathetic division
enteric division |
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Term
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Definition
| regulates arousal and energy generation (fight or flight) |
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Term
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Definition
promotes calming and return to "rest and digest" functions
Constricts pupils, salivary gland secretion, constricts bronchi, slows hearts, stimulates activity in stomach, intestines, pancreas, gallbladder. Promotes emptying bladder and erection |
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Term
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Definition
controls activity of the digestive tract, pancrease and gallbladder
Dilates pupils, inhibits salvation, relaxes bronchi, accelerates heart, inhibits activity of stomach, intestines, and pancreas and gallbladder. ]Glucose releases from liver, stimulates adrenal medulla, inhibits emptying bladder, promotes ejaculation and vaginal contractions. |
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Term
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Definition
coordinates movement and balance
Helps in learning and remembering motor skills
ex)hand-eye coordination |
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Term
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Definition
| contains the thalamus and hypothalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| main input center for sensory information |
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Term
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Definition
| regulates body temp, biological clock, hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, fight or flight response. |
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Term
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Definition
| contains midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata |
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Term
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Definition
| receives and integrates sensory info and coordinates visual reflexes |
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Term
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Definition
| transfer info between the PNS adn forebrain and coordinate large-scale body movements, also control several autonomic homeostatic function |
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Term
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Definition
largest part. Divided into left and right hemispheres contains cerebal cortex.
essential for awareness, language, cognition, memory and consciousness.
4 regions (lobes) are landmarks for particular functions |
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Term
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Definition
| frontal, temporal, occipital, parietal |
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Term
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Definition
pre-frontal cortex-decision making, planning
broca's area- forming speech
motor cortex- control of skeletal muscles |
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Term
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Definition
auditory cortex- hearing
wernicke's area- comprehending language |
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Term
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Definition
visual association cortex-combining images and object recognition
visual cortex-processing visual stimuli and pattern recognition |
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Term
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Definition
somatosensory cortex- sense of touch
sensory association cortex- integration of sensory information |
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Term
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Definition
| language, math, logic and processing of serial sequences |
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Term
| Right Cerebral Hemisphere |
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Definition
| pattern recognition, nonverbal thinking and emotional processing |
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Term
| Brainstem and Cerebrum Control |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| circadian rhythms (biological clock) |
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Term
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Definition
includes amygdala, hippocampus and part of the thalamus.
Functions in motivation, olfaction, behavior and memory
generation and experience of emotions |
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Term
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Definition
| mass of nuclei near the base of the cerebrum |
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Term
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Definition
Schizophrenia, depression, drug addiction, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's
Genetic. |
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Term
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Definition
| convey information about an animal's environment to its brain, and muscles and skeletons carry out movements as instructed by the brain |
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Term
| Sensory Pathways have 4 Basic Functions |
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Definition
1. Sensory reception-detection of stimulus
2. transduction- conversion of stimulus to a change in membrane potential
3. Transmission-movement of action potential to CNS
4. Perception- processing of action potential by the brain |
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Term
| 5 Categories of Sensory Receptors |
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Definition
1. Mechanoreceptors
2. Chemoreceptors
3. electromagnetic receptors
4. thermoreceptors
5. Pain receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| pick up mechanical cues physical change. touch. |
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Term
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Definition
| picks up chemicalcues. ex. mouth |
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Term
| Electromagnetic Receptors |
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Definition
light, electricity, magnetism.
ex snakes-detecting body heat of pray
whales- use earth's magnetic field when they migrate |
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Term
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Definition
| Detect cold and hot. in out skin. cues homeostasis: when to heat up and when to cool down |
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Term
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Definition
extreme pressure, temp, chemicals
detect mechanical, thermal and chemical stimuli
ex)hand on stove-you jump away |
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Term
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Definition
| sense sounds with body hairs that vibrate, or with localized "ears" consisting of a tympanic membrane and receptor cells |
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Term
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Definition
| ear transducts mechanical stimulus of pressure waves into nerve impulses that the brain perceives as sand. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. Vibrating objects create waves in the air that cause the eardrum to vibrate
2. malleus, incus and stapes of the middle ear transmit the vibrations of moving air to the oval window on the cochlea
3. The vibrations create pressure waves in the fluid in the cochlea that travel up the vestibular canal (and down the tympanicc canal)
4. Pressure waves in the canal cause the basilar membrane of the organ of Cati, to vibrate, bending its hair cells
5. This bending of hair cells depolarizes the membranes of mechanorepetors and sends action potentials to the brain via these auditory nerve
6. The basilar membrane varies in stiffness along it length, so each point along the membrane vibrates in response to different frequencies
7. Fluid waves dissipate when they strike the round window at the end of the tympanic canal |
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Term
| 3 Bones of the Middle Ear |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
a)no bending- no change in membrane potential
b)bending of hairs (right/farther) increase in voltage
c) bending of hairs (left/closer together) decrease in voltage |
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Term
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Definition
range from simple clusters of cells that detect direction and intensity of light to complex organs that form images.
contain photoreceptors |
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Term
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Definition
| cells that contain light - absorbing pigment molecules |
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Term
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Definition
flat worms.
a pair of ocelli called eyespots are located near the head which allow planarians to move away from light adn seek shaded locations |
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Term
| Seeing: insects and crustaceans |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
consists of up to several thousand light detectors called ommatidia.
very affected at detecting movement |
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Term
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Definition
| light detectors in compound eyes |
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Term
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Definition
jellies, polychaetes, spiders, many molluscs
camera-like princple (iris changes the diameter of the pupil to control how much light enters)
all vertebrates have a single lens |
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Term
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Definition
eye detects color and light, but the brain assembles the info and perceives the image
Light enters the eye by passing through the lens, and hits photoreceptors in the retina |
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Term
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Definition
| more sensitive to light but do not perceive colour they allow us to see black and white |
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Term
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Definition
| provide colour vision but contribute very little to night vision |
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Term
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Definition
| rods and cones release the neurotransmitter glutamate into synapses with neurons called bipolar cells |
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Term
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Definition
| either hyperpolarized or depolarized in response to glutamate |
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Term
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Definition
| rods and cones hyperpolarize, shutting off release of glutamate |
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Term
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Definition
rhodopsin inactive
na+ channels open
rod depolarizes
glutamate released
bipolar cells either hyperpolarized or depolarized, depending on glutamate receptors |
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Term
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Definition
Rhodopsin active
Na+ channels closed
Rod hyper polarized no gultamate released
bipolar cells either hyperpolarized or depolarized depending glutamate receptors |
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Term
| Where do the optic nerves meet? |
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Definition
| optic chiasm near the cerebral cortex |
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Term
| Sensations from the left visual field of both eyes are transmitted to the ____ sides of the brain |
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Definition
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Term
| Sensations from the right visual field of both eyes are transmitted to the ____ sides of the brain |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| high proportion of rods in the retina |
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Term
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Definition
| results from alternations in the genes for one or more photosin proteins |
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Term
| Perception of Colour (in humans) |
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Definition
| based on 3 types of cones each with a different visual pigment (photosins): red green or blue |
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Term
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Definition
scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the environment.
Interactions determine the distribution of organisms and their abundance. |
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Term
| Scope of Ecological Research |
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Definition
Global Ecology
Land Ecology
Ecosystem Ecology
Community Ecology
Population Ecology
Organismal Ecology |
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Term
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Definition
| long-term prevailing weather conditions in an area |
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Term
| 4 Major Abiotic Components of Climate |
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Definition
temperature
precipitation
sunlight
wind |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of patterns on the global, regional, and landscape level |
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Term
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Definition
consists of very small-scale patterns
Affect light and wind patterns |
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Term
| Determine Global Climate Patterns |
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Definition
Solar energy
planet's movement in space (latitudinal variation in sunlight intensity, global air circulation and precipitation) |
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Term
| Determine Regional and Local Climate (3) |
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Definition
| seasonality, large bodies of water, mountains |
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Term
| Environment is Characterized by (2) |
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Definition
| Abiotic factors and biotic factors |
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Term
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Definition
| living attributes such as other organisms that are part of an individuals environment |
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Term
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Definition
| nonliving attributes such as temp, light, water, and nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
| major life zones characterized by vegetation type (terrestrial biomes)or physical environment (aquatic biomes) |
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Term
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Definition
named for major physical or climatic factors and for vegetation.
grade into each other, without sharp boundaries
vertical layering is an important feature
provides diverse habits for animals
dynamic and patchy |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
can change communities within biomes
ex)storms, fires, human activity |
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Term
Tropical Forest
(Distribution, precipitation, temp, plants, animals, human impact) |
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Definition
Distribution: equatorial and subequatorial regions
Precipitation: rain:high Dry: highly seasonal
Temp: high year-round with little seasonal variation
Plants: vertically layered and competition for light is intense
animals: millions of animal species, including an estimated 5-30 million still undescribed species of insects, spiders and other anthropods.
Human impact: rapid human population growth is now destroying many tropical forests |
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Term
Desert
(Distribution, precipitation, temp, plants, animals, human impact) |
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Definition
Distribution: occurs in bands near 30 degrees north and south of the equator, and in the interior of continents
Precipitation: low and high variable
Temp: may be hot or cold
Plants: adapted for heat and desiccation tolerance, water storage, and reduced leaf surface area.
Animals: many kinds of snakes, lizards, scorpions, ants, beetles, migrating and resident birds, seed-eating rodents (many nocturnal)
Human Impact: urbanization and conversion to irrigated agriculture have reduced the natural biodiversity of some deserts. |
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Term
Savanna
(Distribution, precipitation, temp, plants, animals, human impact) |
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Definition
Distribution: equatorial and subequatorial regions
Prec: seasonal rainfall
Temp: warm year-round, more seasonally variable than tropics
Plants: grasses and forbs make up most of the ground cover;dominant plant species are fire-adapted and tolerant to seasonal drought
animals:insects and mammals such as wildebeasts, zebras, lions and hyenas
Human Impact: fires set by human may help maintain this biome |
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Term
Chaparral
(Distribution, precipitation, temp, plants, animals, human impact) |
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Definition
Distribution: midlatitude coastal regions on several continents
prec: highly seasonal-rainy winters and dry summers
temp: summer is hot while fall, winter and spring are cool
plants: dominated by shrubs, small trees, grasses and herbs may adapted to fire and drought
animals: amphibians, birds and reptiles, insects, small mammals, browsing mammals
Human Impact: reduced chaparral areas due to agriculture and urbanization |
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Term
Temperate Grassland
(Distribution, precipitation, temp, plants, animals, human impact) |
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Definition
Distribution: are found on many continents
Prec:highly seasonal with relatively dry winters
Temp: winters are cold, summers are hot
Plants: dominant plants, grasses and forbs are adapted to droughts and fires
Animals: large grazers (bison and wild horses) small burrowers such as prairie dogs
Human Impact: converted to farm land |
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Term
Northern Coniferous Forest
(Distribution, precipitation, temp, plants, animals, human impact) |
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Definition
Distribution: known as taiga. spans northern north america and Eurasia and is the largest terrestrial biomes.
Prec: some have periodic droughts and others are wet (esp near coasts)
temp: winters are cold, summers may be hot
plants: conifers such as pine, spruce, fir and hemlock dominate; conical shape of conifers prevents too much snow from accumulating and breaking their branches
animals:include migratory and resident birds and large mammals such as moose, brown bears, and siberian tigers
Human Impact: some forests are being logged at an alarming rate |
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Term
Temperate Broad Leaf Forest
(Distribution, precipitation, temp, plants, animals, human impact) |
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Definition
Distribution: found at midlatitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, with smaller areas in Chile, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand
Prec:70-200+ cm falls during all sesasons as rain or snow
temp: winters av 0degreesC and summers are hot and humid (near 35degrees C)
Plants:vertical layers are dominated by deciduous trees in Northern hemisphere and evergreen eucalyptus in Australia
Animals: mammals, birds and insects make sure of vertical layers in the forest; in the Northern hemisphere many mammals hibernate in the winter
Human Impact:have been heavily settled on all continents but are recovering in places |
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Term
Tundra
(Distribution, precipitation, temp, plants, animals, human impact) |
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Definition
Distribution: covers expansive areas of the arctic; alpine tundra exists on high mountaintops at all latitudes
prec: law in arctic tundra, higher in alpine tundra (100+cm)
temp:winters are cold and summers are relatively cool
Plants: permafrost, a permanently frozen layer of soil, prevents water infiltration; vegetation is herbaceous (mosses, grasses, forbs, dwarf shrubs, trees, lichen) and supports grazers
Animals: mammals include musk oxen, caribous, reindeer, bears, wolves, foxes. many migratory bird species nest in the summer
Human Impact: settlement is sparse, but tundra has become the focus of oil and mineral extraction |
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Term
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Definition
| account for the largest area of the biosphere adn show less latitudinal variation than terrestrial biomes |
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Term
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Definition
| have salt concentrations of about 3% |
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Term
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Definition
| less than 0.1% closely linked with terrestrial biomes |
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Term
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Definition
| cover 75% of the Earth's surface. Have an enormous impact on biosphere |
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Term
| Aquatic Biomes are Defined by (3) |
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Definition
light penetration
temp
depth |
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Term
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Definition
| has sufficient light for photosynthesis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| made up of the photic and aphotic zones |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| organic and inorganic sediment |
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Term
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Definition
| communities in the benthic zone |
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Term
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Definition
| dead organic matter that falls from surface water, is an important source of food |
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Term
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Definition
| temperature boundary that separates the warm upper layer from the cold deeper water. In oceans and in most lakes |
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Term
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Definition
| semiannual mixing of waters (many lakes) mixes oxygenated water from the surface with nutrient-rich water from the bottom |
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Term
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Definition
Lakes
Wetland
Streams and Rivers
Estuaries
Intertidal zones
ocean pelagic zones
coral reefs
marine benthic zone |
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Term
| Aquatic Biomes are characterized by (5) |
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Definition
physical environment
chemical environment
geological environment
photosynthetic organisms
hereotrophs |
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Term
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Definition
| chloroplasts and mitochondria were once free living prokaryotic cells |
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Term
| Which metabolic pathway is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration of a glucose molecule? |
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Definition
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Term
| Polymers are made when a: |
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Definition
| dehydration reaction occurs: a covalent bond forms between monomers, a water molecule is lost |
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Term
| Coils and folds of a protein are considered part of its: |
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Definition
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Term
| If particles are transferred over a membrane using facilitated diffusion, this is considered: |
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Definition
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Term
| In cellular respiration and photosynthesis, NADH and NADPH: |
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Definition
| lose an electron and become oxidized |
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Term
| CAM plants bypass the energetically wasteful process of photorespiration by: |
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Definition
| temporal separation- carbon dioxide is incorporated at night |
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Term
| In a _____ reaction energy is released when complex molecules are broken down. |
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Definition
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Term
| In a _____ reaction energy is consmed when complex molecules are built from simpler ones |
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Definition
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Term
| During the cell cycle, DNA is replicated during the: |
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Definition
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Term
| Eukaryotic cell division consists of: |
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Definition
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Term
| in sexual life cycles, what two processes must alternate in order to maintain chromosome number? |
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Definition
| meiosis and fertilization |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins that aid in packing chromatin |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA at the end of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| when genes have multiple phenotypic effects |
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Term
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Definition
| phenotypic expression of a gene at one location alters that of a gene at a second location |
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Term
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Definition
| amino acids are added to the growing molecule |
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Term
| Transcription- termination |
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Definition
| a terminator sequence is encountered |
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Term
| transcription- elongation |
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Definition
| nucleotides are added to the growing molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| mRNA molecule binds to the small ribosomal subunit |
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Term
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Definition
| a stop codon is encountered |
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Term
| transcription- initiation |
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Definition
| RNA polymerase binds to a DNA sequence |
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Term
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Definition
varying traits/differing alleles
short generation time
controlled mating |
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