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Definition
is the branch of biology concerned with naming
and classifying the diverse forms of life on our planet |
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| What is the classifying order? |
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Definition
| domain kindgom phylum class order family genus species |
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| What is the correct way to write GENUS SPECIES? |
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| Chicken pox and shingles are caused by the same virus. do they have similar symptoms? |
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| can you get the flu from taking the flu shot? |
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| can you get swine from eating pork? |
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Definition
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| is a virus living or non living? |
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Definition
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| If two organisms cant reproduce in nature but can reproduce in a lab, are they the same species? |
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Definition
| no, because it is not natural |
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| how many people have HIV in america? |
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Definition
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| What kind of cells are a part of the non-specific internal defense? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| bacteria,archaea,andeukarya |
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| what are the 4 categories of eukarya? |
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Definition
| protista, fungi, plantae, and animalia |
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| which is the only eukaryotic domain? |
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Definition
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| which is the only unicellular category in eukarya? |
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Definition
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Definition
a. The category genus groups together closely related organisms which may or may not interbreed.
b. This separation based on interbreeding defines the category species. |
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Definition
-Species is the biological group which includes all the organisms which are (or have the potential for) interbreeding = biological species concept
-Many species were originally distinguished by morphology: if two organisms look alike, they must be the same species
-However, biological species are based on the ability to reproduce IN NATURE. |
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Term
| what are the 3 parts of a virus? |
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Definition
1. geonome: can be SS or DS
2. capsid: protein coat which surrounds and protects the geonome
3. envelope: membrane (phospholipid bilayer) which surrounds the capsid |
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Term
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Definition
| simpler and smaller than viruses. they are fragments of SSRNA with no protein coat. they infect primarily plant cells |
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Definition
unusual infectious particles with no genetic material. they consist of a protein that is folded wrong and makes other proteins fold wrong.
(mad cow) |
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| what were the first organisms to appear on earth 3.5 billion years ago? |
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Definition
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Definition
| semi-rigid, permeable, made of peptidoglycan (carbohydrate with amino acids attached). Gives bacteria shapes |
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| what are some cell wall shapes of prokaryotes? |
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Definition
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| surrounding the cell walls of some bacteria are what? |
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Definition
| capsules and slime layers composed of polysaccarides and/or proteins |
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Term
| what is the difference between a capsule and a slime layer? |
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Definition
capsule: highly organized, firmly attached to cell wall
slime layer: less organized, loosely attached to cell wall |
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Definition
| hairlike structures on surface of bacteria which aid in attachment |
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Definition
| filaments which extend from the membrane of a cell and are used for cellular locomotion |
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| who is capable of rotating flagella? |
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Definition
| about half the species of bacteria |
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Definition
| protective “resting” structures, bacteria surrounded by durable cell wall. Resistant to extreme conditions |
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Term
| how is reproduction done for bacteria? |
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Definition
Most reproduction in bacteria is asexual in the form of binary fission. The entire bacterial chromosome is replicated and passed on to each daughter cell.
Some bacteria are able to transfer genetic information between cells by bacterial conjugation. bacterial conjugation is the transfer of genetic information (a plasmid) between two bacteria via a special sex pilus. |
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Term
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Definition
| a small double-stranded ring of DNA that carries extrachromosomal genes in some bacteria |
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Term
| what are the body's 3 lines of defense against microbial attack? |
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Definition
nonspecific external barriers
nonspecific internal defenses
specific immune response |
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Term
| ________ __________ are the first line of defense and are represented by the skin and mucous membranes. |
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Definition
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Term
| what are phagocytic cells? |
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Definition
| the white blood cells in the extracellular fluid. They are amoeboid cells that destroy invading microbes by engulfing them (phagocytosis). |
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Term
| 4 categories in nonspecific internal defense: |
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Definition
1. phagocytic cells: white blood cells (WBC) in extracellular fluid, amoeboid shape, destroy microbes by phagocytosis
2. natural killer cells: WBC the destroy body cells infected by viruses and cancerous cells by punching holes in them
3. inflammatory response, caused by large scale microbial invasion through wound
4. fever: response to microbes establishing major infection |
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Term
| what happens in a nonspecific internal defense during the inflammatory response? |
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Definition
| histamine is released when cell damage is detected, it increases blood flow to 'wash out the wound'. other chemicals from damaged cells attract phagocytic WBCs that engulf bacteria, dirt, and tissue debris. blood clotting 'walls off' wounded area and pus is just the dying WBCs |
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Term
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Definition
1. slows down microbial reproduction
2. enhances immune system |
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| what is a specific immune response? |
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Definition
| reaction to specific type of microbe & provides future protection. Involves 2 types of WBC |
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Term
| B cells: _______ and T cells: ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the first step in a specific immune response? |
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Definition
recognize the invader
1. antibodies (protein produced by a host to bind to and inactivate foreign particles)- these are on the surface of B cells and also have a unique binding site so can only bind to one antigen. the binding of antigen to antibody triggers the immune response.
2. T cell receptors on the surface of T cells which act like antibodies (when antigen binds to receptors, T cell responds) |
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Term
| what is the second step in a specific immune response? |
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Definition
launch the attack.
1. humoral immunity by B cells is mediated by free antibodies in the bloodstream (antigens in blood encounter B cells and B cells with an appropriate antibody bind to antigen. the binding triggers rapid cell division of B cells into 2 specific types of B cells: plasma cells which release large amounts of antibodies into blood stream to fight infection, and memory B cells to provide future immunity to the invader but do not release antibodies)
2. T cell cell-mediated immunity (killing target cells directly): destroys virus infected or cancerous body cells. the T cell receptors bind to an antigen then divide rapidly producing two types of cells: effector cells (3 types) attack cells (helper T cells-stimulate cell division, killer 'cytotoxic' T cells destroy cells in widespread infection, supressor T cells stop immune response after the enemy is gone)the other type of T cells are memory T cells which provide future protection as well. |
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Term
| what is the third step in a specific immune response? |
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Definition
| REMEMBER THE INVADER to ward off future attacks (winning one fight protects you from the same enemy in the future): plasma B cells and killer T cells are short lived but they kill infection quickly. memory B and T cells live for years. (for future re-infections, the memory cells will recognize the foreign cells and multiply rapidly into plasma B cells and killer T cells to evoke a 2nd immune respnse) |
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Term
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Definition
| it is recognized as a foreign antigen binds to a b cell |
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Term
| what happens when you come in contact with an allergy? |
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Definition
1. allergen (ex. pollen) binds to B cell
2. B cell makes plasma cells releasing allergy antibodies into bloodstream
3. antibodies bind to histamine-containing cells in connective tissue
4. cells release histamine causing inflammatory response (i.e. mucus) |
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Term
| what about allergy medication? |
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Definition
| antihistamines block histamine effects. others inhibit production of histamine-producing cells |
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Term
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Definition
| acne developes as a result of blockages in follicles. formation of a plug of keratin and sebum (made of fat and debris of dead fat-producing cells). the naturally occurring bacteria 'propionibacterium acnes' can cause inflammation. the WBCs build up (forming the white head) and then destroy (by phagocytosis) the bacteria to prevent infection |
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Term
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Definition
| human immunodefeciency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome |
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Term
| how many people are living with HIV in the USA? |
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Definition
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| what genome does shingles have? |
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Definition
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Definition
| connective tissue cells that release histamine; important in the inflammatory response |
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Definition
| white blood cells that engulf invading microbes |
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Definition
| WBCs that engulf invading microbes and antigens |
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Definition
| WBCs that destroy infected or cancer cells |
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Definition
| lymphocytes that produce antibodies |
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Definition
| offspring of B cells that d=secrete antibodies into the bloodstream |
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Definition
| offspring of B cells that provide future protection against invasion by the same antigen |
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Definition
| lyphocytes that regulate the immune response or kill certain types of cells |
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Definition
| offspring of T cells that destroy specific targeted cells, including foreign eukaryotic cells, infected body cells, or cancerous body cells |
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Definition
| offspring of T cells that stimulate the immune response by both B cells and cytotoxic cells |
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Term
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Definition
| offspring of T cells that provide future protection against invasion by the same antigen |
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Term
| How do bacteria get energy? |
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Definition
-autotrophs use photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.
-heterotrophs including symbiotes must have an organic food source. |
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Term
| bacterial diseases include: |
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Definition
| gonorrhea, syphilis, tuberculosis, lyme disease |
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Term
| bacterial antibiotic resistance: |
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Definition
Because of the widespread use (and misuse) of antibiotics some pathogenic bacteria have developed antibiotic resistance
70% of bacterial infections contracted in hospitals are resistant to at least 1 antibiotic |
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| how are bacteria and archaea similar? |
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Definition
-single celled
-prokaryotes
-small size |
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Term
| How are bacteria and archaea different? |
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Definition
-cell membrane lipids structure
-cell wall composition
-rRNA subunit sequences |
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| the kingdom ________ represents unusual mix of organisms |
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Definition
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Definition
-ALL are eukaryotic
-mostly unicellular |
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| what are the 3 groups protists can be grouped into? |
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Definition
1. fungus-like protists, unicellular decomposers
2. plant-like protists (phytoplankton and algae) represent base of most aquatic food webs (lots of photosynthesis and O2 production)
3. animal-like protists (protozoans): heterotrophs which actively seek and ingest food |
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Term
| what are the protist groups of fungus? |
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Definition
1. water molds - division oomycota (characterized by filamentous bodies and mobile flagellated gametes )
2. slime molds have mobile feeding stage and stationary reproductive stage with fruiting bodies that produce spores: *acellularr slime molds - division myxomycota - multi-nucleated acellular organisms. Are acellular 'without cells' b/c mobile stage goes through mitosis, but not cytokinesis 'splitting of cells' *cellular slime molds - division acrasiomycota - single cell feeding stage, clump up for reproduction during environmental stress |
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| list the plant-like protists: |
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Definition
1. dinoflagellates - (most are marine, 2 flagella)
2. diatoms - (freshwater or marine, glasslike 'shells' with holes to allow for exchange of substances
3. Euglenoids - (most freshwater, 1 to 3 flagella, mostly photosynthetic, lack cell wall, have photoreceptor called 'eyespot')
4. simple plants 'algae' - (-red algae*used in cosmetics, mostly marinne, ice cream*-brown algae*marine, giant kelp forests, gas bladders used*-green algae*marine and freshwater, ancestor to land plants*) |
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| list the animal-like protists |
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Definition
1. zooflagellates/sarcodines
(zooflagellates: 1 flagellum, free living, and symbiotic species *some parasitic* - sarcodines are amoebae, they have foraminiferans that make calcium carbonate shells, radiolarians and heliozoans that make glass like silica shells)
2. sporozoans all are parasites and the plasmodium causes malaria
3. ciliates - oral groove, anal pore, two types of nuclei |
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