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| are sequences of nucleotides at specific locations on chromosomes |
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| is the process by which the characteristics are passed on to offspring |
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| A gene is needed to produce what? |
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| proteins, cells, and entire organisms |
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| The location of a gene on a chromosome is called its ________ |
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what is a unit of DNA that encodes information needed to produce proteins, cells, and entire organisms.
can be a few hundred to many thousands of nucleotides in length |
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| in the ordinary body cells of many organisms the chromosomes occur in |
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| How many chromosomes do human cells contain? |
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Humans have how many pairs of autosomes?
Humans have how many pairs of sex chromosomes? |
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| what are non-sex chromosomes |
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| these types of chromosomes carry the same kinds of genes for the same characteristics |
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| Where are genes for the same characteristic found on both homologous chromosomes? |
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| Genes for a characteristic found on homologous chromosomes may not |
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| alternative versions of genes found at the same gene locus |
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| If a mutation occurs in gametes(the cells that become sperm or eggs) what happens? |
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Definition
| then the mutation can be passed on from parent to offspring |
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| If both homologous chromosomes carry the same allele(gene form) at a given gene locus, the organism is what at that locus? |
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Definition
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| f two homologous chromosomes carry different alleles at a given locus, the organism is what at that locus? |
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Definition
| heterozygous also known as hybrid |
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| The ______________ predicts offspring genotypes and phenotypes from combinations of parental gametes |
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| Who discovered the principles of inheritance? |
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| What did Mendel discover about the principles of inheritance? |
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Definition
| Discovered patterns of inheritance and many essential facts about genes, alleles, and the distribution of alleles in gametes during sexual reproduction |
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| What did Mendel use to experiment on? |
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| What did Mendel using the edible pea plant for experimentation allow him to see? |
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| patterns in the way plant characteristics were inherited |
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| Why did Mendel choose pea plants? |
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Definition
| Pea flower petals enclose both male and female flower parts and prevent entry of pollen from another pea plant |
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| Because of pea plants structure they naturally self-fertilize; however, Mendel was about to cross-fertilize two different pea plants how did he do this? |
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Definition
| the female parts of the pea plant(carpels) were dusted with pollen from other selected plants |
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Term
| Pea plants thare are homozygous for a particular characteristic always produle the same |
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| The key to Mendel’s success: |
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-He chose to study individual characteristics (called traits) that had unmistakably different forms, such as white versus purple flowers
-He started out by studying only one trait at a time |
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| If a plant is homozygous for purple flowers, it will produce offspring with what? |
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Definition
| it will always produce offspring with purple flowers |
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| Plants that are homozygous for a characteristic are described as? |
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| what is the mating of pollen and eggs from same or different parents |
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| The parents used in a cross are part of the what generation? |
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| the parental generation known as P |
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| The offspring of the P generation are members of the what generation? |
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Definition
| the first filial generation known as F1 |
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| Offspring of the F1 generation are members of the |
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Definition
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| True-breeding organisms have two copies of the ____ allele for a given gene and are _____ for that gene. Hybrid organisms have two _____ alleles for a given gene and are _____ for that gene. |
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Definition
| same, homozygous. different, heterozygous. |
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| the particular combination of the two alleles carried by an individual is called |
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| When two different alleles are present in an organism, the ________ allele may mask the _______ allele, even though the recessive allele is still present |
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Definition
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| the physical expression of the genotype is known as the |
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Definition
| phenotype (ex.purple of white flowers) |
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| predicts offspring gynotypes and phenotypes from combinations of parental gametes |
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Definition
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| s used to determine whether an organism with a dominant phenotype is homozygous or heterozygous |
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| What dictates the gender in mammals |
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Definition
| mammals have a set of sex chromosomes |
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Term 35
For organisms in which males are XY and females are XX, the sex chromosome carried by the ____ determines the sex of the offspring. |
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| When the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate beteen the two homozygous phenotypes, the pattern of inheritance is |
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| Human hair is an example of incomplete dominance. It is influenced by a gene with two incompletely dominant alleles, ____ and ____. |
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| A person with two copies of the C1 allele has what type of hair? |
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| A person with two copies of the C2 allele has what type of hair? |
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| Heterozygotes with the C1 and C2 genotype has what type of hair? |
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Definition
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| If two wavy-haird people have children, their children can have what type of hair? |
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Definition
| any of the three types curly, straight, or wavy |
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| How many different gene alleles can an individual have? |
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Definition
| at most two different gene alleles |
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| How many alleles can a species have for a given characteristic? |
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Definition
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| Human blood type is an example of |
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Definition
| a single gene having multiple alleles |
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| Human blood types are A,B,AB, and O, how many alleles are there in this system and what are they? |
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Definition
| there are three, A,B, and O |
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| What affects an organisms phenotype? |
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Definition
| the environment in which an organism lives |
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Term
| Because males have only one X chromosome, they have no other allele to exert dominance over a sex-linked allele this results in |
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Definition
| disease, consequently sex-linked diseases such as hemophilia often occurs more in males |
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| the incorrect seperation of chromosomes in meiosis |
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Definition
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| Nondisjunction causes gametes to have too ____ and too ____ chromosomes. |
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Definition
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| Most embryos that arise from fusion of gametes with abnormal chromosome numbers end up what? |
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| spontaneously abort, but some survive birth and live life |
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Term
| When afflicted individuals have three copies of chromosome 21 |
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Definition
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| What are some of the distinctive physical characteristics of down syndrome? |
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Definition
| weak muscle town, a small mouth partially opened because it cannot accomodate the tongue, and distinctively shapped eyelids |
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| What are the inner affects of down syndrome on the body? |
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Definition
| low resistance to infectious disease, heart malformations, and varying degrees of mental retardation |
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| What are the inner affects of down syndrome on the body? |
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Definition
| low resistance to infectious disease, heart malformations, and varying degrees of mental retardation |
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