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Biology 100
Genetics and Natural Selection
103
Biology
Undergraduate 1
12/17/2008

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Term
Natural Selection
Definition

process in which steps 1-3 result in a population adapted to the environment (4)

 

Term
1st step in natural selection
Definition
members of a population have heritable variations
Term
step 2 in natual selection
Definition

population produces more offspring than the resources of an environment can support

Term
step 3 in natural selection
Definition
the more adapted individuals survive and reproduce to a greater extent than those that lack the adaptations
Term
step 4 to natural selection
Definition

Across generations, a larger proportion of the population becomes adapted to the environment

Term
natural selection
Definition
an ongoing process due to the environment of living things constantly changing
Term
Extinction
Definition
can occur when previous adaptations are no longer suitable to a changed environment
Term

sources of mutations

Definition
radiation, chemicals, spontaneous
Term
types of mutations
Definition
beneficial, neutral, harmful
Term

SOME not all animal viruses have an outer membranous envelope beyond their capsid.

Definition
the difference between bacteriophages and animal viruses
Term
natural selection
Definition
the increased survival and reproduction of hte best adapted individuals
Term
Biological Fitness
Definition
the ability to survive to reproductive ago and pass genes to the next generation
Term
radiation mutation
Definition
xrays, ultraviolet, etc.
Term
spontaneous mutation
Definition
unexplained-most mutations are unexplained
Term
mutations
Definition
 the original source of genetic variation
Term

mutations

Definition

how a new trait will appear in a population

 

Term

Existance

Definition

According to Darwin, there is a constant struggle for ___________ in the environment due to lack of nutrients.

Term
fitness
Definition
the reproductive success of an individual relative to other members of a population, in a particular environment
Term
populations
Definition

what determines fitness varies among different ____________.

-black rattlesnakes are most fit in the desert soil than white rattlesnakes-

Term
artifical selection
Definition
breeders select animals with particular traits to reproduce
Term

artifical selection

Definition
humans use this technique rather than carried out by the environment like natural selection
Term
adaptation
Definition
we rarely observe the process of ________ but we can observe the end result.
Term
adaptations
Definition
account for why organisms are able to escape their predators or why they are suited to their way of life.
Term
natural selection
Definition
the ONLY process that results in adaptation to the environment
Term
Prokaryotes
Definition
_______ reproduce asexually and therefore are dependent onmutations alone to introduce variations.
Term
Environment
Definition

ALL mutations that occur and reult in phenotype differences can be tested by what?

Term

Phenotype

Definition
in sexually reproducing organisms, mutations, if recessive, do not immedately affect the __________.
Term

polygenic

Definition
if a trait is _________, with many alleles for each gene locus, certain combinations of these alleles might be more adaptive than others in a particular environment
Term
bottleneck effect
Definition
prevents theh majority of genotypes from participating in the production of the next generation.
Term
bottleneck effect
Definition
a species that is subjected to near extinction because of natural disaster
Term
natural selection
Definition
the process that results in adaptation of a population to the biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving) environments
Term
biotic
Definition
which environment acquires resources through competition, predation, and parasitism?
Term
abiotic
Definition

environment in which includes weather conditions, dependent chiefly up on temperatures, and precipitation

Term
the most fit
Definition
reproduce more than others because they are adapted to the environment
Term

polygenic;one pair

Definition
most of the traits on which natural selection acts are _______ and controlled by more than _________ of alleles located at different gene loci.
Term
bell-shaped curve
Definition
the frequency distribution of phenotypes resembles a ___________
Term
directional selection
Definition

occurs when an extreme phenotypes is favored and the distribution curve shifts in that direction.

example: horse evolved form mule which evolved from dog-like horses

Term
stabilizing selection
Definition

occurs when an intermediate phenotype is favored.

average = favored

Term
stabilizing selection
Definition
the most common form of selection because they are well adapted to the environment
Term
Disruptive selection
Definition
occurs when two or more extreme phenotypes are favored over any intermediate phenotypes.
Term
variation
Definition

the key to an environment

if there is limited ________ a population might become extinct.

Term
viruses
Definition

noncellular unlike regular organisms that are cellular

contributed much to our understanding of disease, genetics, and characteristics of living things.

Term
viruses
Definition
about 1/5 the size of bacterium
Term
components of a virus
Definition

made of two parts:

-an outer capsid - composed of protein subunits

-inner core of nucleic acid (eiher DNA or RNA)

*some might contain spikes to help connect them to the host cell*

Term
obligate intracellular parasites
Definition

virueses are ________ ________ _______ because they can only reproduce inside a living cell

*can be stored as chemicals outside the cell*

Term
receptor
Definition
a lock-and-key manner to a specific molecule
Term
they are "specific" to a host cell
Definition
why can't viruses produce on their own?
Term
Virus
Definition

takes over the host's enzymes, ribosomes, transer RNA (tRNA), and ATP for it's production

Term

bacteriophage

(phage)

Definition
 a virus that reproduces in a bacterium
Term
lysogenic or lytic
Definition
two cycles that a phage maybe reproduce in
Term
lytic cycle
Definition
cycle that can be divided into 5 stages
Term
attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation, and release
Definition

what are the 5 stages of the lytic cycle?

Term
attachment
Definition
the capsid combines with a receptor in te bacterial cell wall
Term
penetration
Definition
a viral enzyme digest away part of the cell wall and viral DNA is injected into the bacterial cell
Term
Biosynthesis
Definition

begins after the birus inactivates host genes not necessary to viral replication

1.  viral DNA replicaion and

2.  production of multiple copies of the capsid protein subunits

Term
maturation
Definition
viral DNA and capsids assemble to produce several hundred viral particles
Term

Release

Definition
lysozyme, an enzyme coded for a viral gene, disrupts the cell wall resulting the _____ of the phage particles.
Term

lysogenic cycle

latent

Definition

the infected bacterium does not immediately produce phage, but may do so sometime in the future.

-the phage becomes _____ meaning it is not actively reproducing

Term
Prophage
Definition
the stage is viral DNA becomes while latent
Term

ultraviolet radiation

Definition
what can activate the prophage to enter the lytic stage of biosynthesis?
Term

infections that remain latent

Definition

example: 

herpesvirus - cold sores

Term
plasmodesmata
Definition
cytoplasmic strands that extend between plant cell walls that help the plant virus move about the plant
Term

insects and gardening tools

seeds and pollen

Definition

viruses are passed from on plant to another by what?

viral particles are also transmitted by way of what?

Term

no chemical

Definition
what chemical can control viral diseases in plants?
Term
RNA animal viruses that have a DNA stage
Definition
what is a retrovirus?
Term

transcriptase

(carries out transcription of RNA to cDNA)

Definition
what special enzyme does a retrovirus carry?
Term

cDNA

Definition
a DNA copy of the viral genome
Term
emerging virus
Definition

the causative agent of a disease that only recently has arisen and infected people

ex: HIV, West Nile, SARS etc.

Term
bacteria and archaea
Definition
two types of prokaryotes
Term
bacteria
Definition
the most diverse and prevalent organisms on Earth
Term

nonpathegenic

(good)

Definition
most bacteria are _______
Term

cocci (spheres),

Bacilli (rods),

Spirilla (spirals)

Definition

what are the three shapes of bacteria?

Term

*decomposers

*normal flora (found in or on body naturally)

--very important bc it makes vitamin K--

*recominant DNA technology

Definition
what are the benefits of bacteria?
Term

yes, because they are genetically resistant to the antibiotic

--this allows bacteria to be passed to the next generation increasing in the number of resistant bacteria

Definition
Can some bacteria survive against an antibiotic?
Term

binary fission

Definition

how do bacteria reproduce?

Term
spore formation
Definition
a mechanism that allow bacteria to survive harsh environment
Term
******NO******
Definition
Do all bacteria make spore formation?
Term
Botulism
Definition

a type of food poisoning

bacteria cells are anaerobic-don't need Oxygen

form spores

found in the ground

Term
botulism
Definition

which bacteria produces a lot of gas?

Term
Retrovirus
Definition
type of RNA based viruses
Term
Reverse Transcriptase
Definition

allows DNA to form from RNA

Term

a mutation occurs

Definition
what happens when reverse transcriptase miscopies?
Term
DNA; RNA
Definition
evidence shows that when ____ forms on ____ a mutation arises
Term
ADA
Definition

removes certain toxins from blood stream

Term

defective

-the gene doesn't change her original genes-

Definition
when someone gets a gene put into their body do they pass the good gene or their defective gene to their kids?
Term
20
Definition
bacteria forms every ____ min.
Term
genetic engineering
Definition

cloned genes can be used to determine the difference in base sequence between different forms of a gene in the same or different species

Term
transgenic organism
Definition
a foreign gene can be inserted into the genome of an organism called _____
Term
yes
Definition
is it possible to creat a transgenic bacteria, plants and animals?
Term
transgenic bacteria
Definition
Recombinant DNA technology is often used to create _______
Term
Recombinant DNA (rDNA)
Definition
contains DNA from two or more different sources.
Term

vector

(common vecor = plasmid)

Definition

a piece of DNA that can have foreign DNA added to it

Term

1.  restriction enzymes

2.  DNA ligase

Definition
what 2 enzymes are needed to introduce foreign DNA into plasmid DNA?
Term
it cleaves (cuts up) DNA
Definition

what is a restriction enzyme

Term
it seals DNA into an opening created by the restriction enzyme
Definition
what is DNA ligase
Term
they restrict the growth of viruses - but they can also be used as molecular scissors to cut double-stranded DNA at a specific site.
Definition

why are restriction enzymes do?

Term
"sticky ends"
Definition

the restriction enzymes cut the ends of two DNA molecules calling it ____

Term

the insertion of foreign DNA into vector DNA occurs

Definition
what happens at the "sticky ends"
Term
gene therapy
Definition
the insertion of genetic material into human cells for treatment of a disorder
Term

SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency)

-children that lack the enzyme ADA

 

Also being used for Cancer treatment

Definition

what is an example of ex vivo gene therapy

Term

VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor)

-growth of new blood vessels

 

skin cancer

bone marrow

Definition

Examples of In vivo gene therapy

Term

1.  remove bone marrow stem cells

2.  use retroviruses to carry normal gene into bone marro stem cells

3.  recomvinant DNA molecules carry the normal gene into the genome of stem cells

4.  return genetically engineered stem cells to patient

Definition

describe the process of gene therapy

Term
biotechnology
Definition

the use of natural biological systems to create a product or achieve some other end desired by human beings

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