process in which steps 1-3 result in a population adapted to the environment (4)

population produces more offspring than the resources of an environment can support

Across generations, a larger proportion of the population becomes adapted to the environment

sources of mutations

SOME not all animal viruses have an outer membranous envelope beyond their capsid.

mutations

how a new trait will appear in a population

Existance

According to Darwin, there is a constant struggle for ___________ in the environment due to lack of nutrients.

what determines fitness varies among different ____________.

-black rattlesnakes are most fit in the desert soil than white rattlesnakes-

artifical selection

ALL mutations that occur and reult in phenotype differences can be tested by what?

Phenotype

polygenic

environment in which includes weather conditions, dependent chiefly up on temperatures, and precipitation

polygenic;one pair

occurs when an extreme phenotypes is favored and the distribution curve shifts in that direction.

example: horse evolved form mule which evolved from dog-like horses

occurs when an intermediate phenotype is favored.

average = favored

the key to an environment

if there is limited ________ a population might become extinct.

noncellular unlike regular organisms that are cellular

contributed much to our understanding of disease, genetics, and characteristics of living things.

made of two parts:

-an outer capsid - composed of protein subunits

-inner core of nucleic acid (eiher DNA or RNA)

*some might contain spikes to help connect them to the host cell*

virueses are ________ ________ _______ because they can only reproduce inside a living cell

*can be stored as chemicals outside the cell*

takes over the host's enzymes, ribosomes, transer RNA (tRNA), and ATP for it's production

bacteriophage

(phage)

what are the 5 stages of the lytic cycle?

begins after the birus inactivates host genes not necessary to viral replication

1.  viral DNA replicaion and

2.  production of multiple copies of the capsid protein subunits

Release

lysogenic cycle

latent

the infected bacterium does not immediately produce phage, but may do so sometime in the future.

-the phage becomes _____ meaning it is not actively reproducing

ultraviolet radiation

infections that remain latent

example: 

herpesvirus - cold sores

insects and gardening tools

seeds and pollen

viruses are passed from on plant to another by what?

viral particles are also transmitted by way of what?

no chemical

transcriptase

(carries out transcription of RNA to cDNA)

cDNA

the causative agent of a disease that only recently has arisen and infected people

ex: HIV, West Nile, SARS etc.

nonpathegenic

(good)

cocci (spheres),

Bacilli (rods),

Spirilla (spirals)

what are the three shapes of bacteria?

*decomposers

*normal flora (found in or on body naturally)

--very important bc it makes vitamin K--

*recominant DNA technology

yes, because they are genetically resistant to the antibiotic

--this allows bacteria to be passed to the next generation increasing in the number of resistant bacteria

binary fission

how do bacteria reproduce?

a type of food poisoning

bacteria cells are anaerobic-don't need Oxygen

form spores

found in the ground

which bacteria produces a lot of gas?

allows DNA to form from RNA

a mutation occurs

removes certain toxins from blood stream

defective

-the gene doesn't change her original genes-

cloned genes can be used to determine the difference in base sequence between different forms of a gene in the same or different species

vector

(common vecor = plasmid)

a piece of DNA that can have foreign DNA added to it

1.  restriction enzymes

2.  DNA ligase

what is a restriction enzyme

why are restriction enzymes do?

the restriction enzymes cut the ends of two DNA molecules calling it ____

the insertion of foreign DNA into vector DNA occurs

SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency)

-children that lack the enzyme ADA

Also being used for Cancer treatment

what is an example of ex vivo gene therapy

VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor)

-growth of new blood vessels

skin cancer

bone marrow

Examples of In vivo gene therapy

1.  remove bone marrow stem cells

2.  use retroviruses to carry normal gene into bone marro stem cells

3.  recomvinant DNA molecules carry the normal gene into the genome of stem cells

4.  return genetically engineered stem cells to patient

describe the process of gene therapy

the use of natural biological systems to create a product or achieve some other end desired by human beings