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| Is becoming increasingly essential for any educated citizen of the world. |
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| A condition in which the variable is unaltered. |
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| The organization in which biological order can be seen. |
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| Construction of general principles by careful examination of many specific cases. |
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| By which a hypothesis can be tested. |
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| Which that natural selection was the mechanism for. |
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| A single-celled blob with little internal structure. |
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| The number of protons of an element. |
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| The area around a nucleus where an electron is most likely to be found. |
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| Two carbon atoms joined to each other by the sharing of two pairs of electrons. |
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| When nitrogen atoms gain neutrons. |
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| A common lipid for energy storage. |
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| A protein loses its native shape and function, but is not caused by being transported from one cell to another. |
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| Contained in the nucleus. |
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Definition
| Carbon-12, Carbon-13, Carbon-14 |
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| Chemical Behavior of Atoms |
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Definition
| Predicted on whether atoms satisy the octet rule or not. |
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| The smallest particle in the atom. |
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| An atom negatively charged because it accepted an electron. |
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| All substances that have mass and occupy space. |
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| Specific groups of atoms with definite chemical properties attached to a carbon-based core. |
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| Built by linking together small, similar chemical monomers. |
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| Structural units that form carbohydrates. |
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| A chain of amino acids linked together end-to-end. |
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Definition
| The specific amino acid sequence in a protein. |
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| Chromosomal DNA which is tightly packaged with proteins in eukaryotes. |
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| Responsible for the cell's shape and movement. |
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| Not present in all eukaryotic cells. |
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| All three forms of RNA associate. |
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| Directly linked to the cytoskeleton, produced by glycoproteins. |
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Definition
| Primarily composes lipid layer. |
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| Net movement of substances to regions of lower concentration. |
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| Utilized by both active transport and facilitated transport. |
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| A cell has the same concentration of dissolved molecules as of its outside environment. |
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| Often marker molecules on plasma membrane. |
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| The solutions with the lower concentration of two solutions of unequal concentrations. |
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| Specific and passive, and becomes saturated if all of the protein carriers are in use. |
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| Specific, requires specific carrier molecules and energy. |
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Definition
| Not a component of an animal cell membrane. |
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| Process by which cells take in nutrients secreted by neighboring cells. |
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| Catalysis influences the chemical bonds to lower this. |
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| A series of sequential chemical reactions which are maintained in the cell. |
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| A chemical reaction which requires energy. |
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| A molecule that closely resembles the shape of a substrate for an enzyme. |
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| Reactions that occur spontaneously and release free energy. |
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| A chemical reaction in which the products contain less energy than these will tend to proceed spontaneously. |
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| Shaped so that only a certain reactant molecule can fit into it. |
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| Organic non-protein components that aid in enzyme functioning. |
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| Inorganic non-protein components that participate in enzyme catalysis. |
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| The chief energy currency of all cells. |
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| The chemistry of living systems representing all chemical reactions. |
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Definition
| Glucose is broken down to Co2 and H20. |
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Definition
| The final product of glycolysis. |
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Definition
| Site of all reactions of clucose oxidation that follow glycolysis. |
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Definition
| The chemical formation of ATP. |
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Definition
| The amino acids must have this done before they can be used in catabolic reactions. |
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Definition
| That oxidation process that fats undergo. |
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Definition
| The first stage of cellular respiration that occurs with/without oxygen. |
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Definition
| The site of glycolytic reactions in eukaryotes. |
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Definition
| Drives chemisomotic generation of ATP. |
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Definition
| Not an end product of glycolysis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Not produced by the decaroxylation of pyruvate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pyruvate molecules are NOT restored to the cycle. |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of turns a single glucose molecule can drive the Krebs cycle. |
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Term
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Definition
| The coenzyme electron carriers produced in the Krebs cycle. |
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Definition
| Produced under anaerobic conditions in yeast cells. |
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Definition
| glycolysis...Pyruvate...Acetyl CoA...Krebs Cycle...Electron Transport Chain |
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Term
| Substrate-level Phosphorylation |
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Definition
| ADP is converted into ATP by addition of a phosphate group. |
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Term
| Glycolysis and Fermentation |
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Definition
| Option for anaerobic bacterium to harvest energy. |
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Definition
| Each pigment molecule has one. |
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Definition
| Used by plants and algae in light dependent reactions. |
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Definition
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Definition
| The Calvin cycle reactions can occur in this. |
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Definition
| Site of photosynthesis in eukaryotes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Clusters of chlorophyll and accessory pigments. |
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Term
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Definition
| Show a pattern of stomatal opening and closing that is the reverse of C3 plants. |
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Definition
| Means by which most plants incorporate carbon dioxide into sugars. |
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Term
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Definition
| Flattened sacs of internal membranes associated with photosynthesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| The electron donor for the light dependent reaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| In the dark reactions of photosynthesis, CO2 is added to this five-carb sugar-phosphate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Units of energy of light. |
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Term
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Definition
| Differs from photosystem I because NADPH is not made directly from the process. |
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Term
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Definition
| The number of revolutions of the Calvin cycle required to produce glucose. |
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Definition
| The part of the chloroplasts in the Calvin cycle where enzymes are located. |
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Definition
| Disadvantage in that it requires more ATP. |
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Definition
| Molecules by which oxygen is derived. |
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Definition
| Signals by which nearby cells that are not touching can communicate by their release. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzymatic receptors typically activate intracellular proteins by this. |
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Term
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Definition
| 3-D shapes complementary to that of a specific signal molecule. |
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Term
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Definition
| The space into which neurotransmitters are released. |
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Term
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Definition
| Space into which neurotransmitters are released. |
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Term
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Definition
| Signals with short-lived, local effects. |
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Term
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Definition
| Required to be released into the synaptic gap. |
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Term
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Definition
| The molecules that convert extracellular signals into intracellular ones. |
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Term
| G-protein-coupled Receptors |
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Definition
| The class of cell surface receptors that acts indirectly on plasma membrane-bound enzymes or ion channels. |
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Term
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Definition
| Other substances within the cytoplasm by which the signal molecule's message is carried into the target cell. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Long-lived; affects cells very distant. |
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Term
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Definition
| Signal molecules on a cell membrane interact with molecules on a neighboring cell membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| Physical separation of sister chromatids. |
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Term
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Definition
| Regulated progess of mitosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Eukaryotic cell that has a single set of chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Physical distribution of cytoplasmic material into the two daughter cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Physical map of the array of chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Permanently condensed chromatin, stain insensely. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used by plants to achieve cytokinesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins that are tightly bound to the double stands of DNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| Number of chomosomes is halved during gamete formation. |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of rounds of nuclear division in meiosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Produces identical cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chromosomes exchange genetic info. |
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Definition
| Cause of an entire extra chromosome 21 in every cell. |
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Definition
| Individual carrying two factors for most traits. |
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Definition
| Chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| A diploid individual whose two copies of a given gene are the same. |
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