Term
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Definition
- a "way of knowing" - a method for finding out about the natural universe
- inherently falsifiable
- concepts aren't permanent and are ditched if falsified
- fundamentally different from other ways to explain nature, like revelation |
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Term
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Definition
- science describes and explains the natural universe, and it does it very well
- science does not test judge morals, ethics, values, aesthetics
- science is not a religion or atheism
- information from science can help us make moral and ethical judgements |
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Term
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Definition
- a hypothesis that consistently fails to be falsified
- not proven, but not "a guess"
- we are confident they are useful explanations |
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Term
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Definition
| - is a proposed explanation for a set of observations. A good hypothesis leads to predictions that scientists can test by recording additional observations or by designing experiments. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Inductive reasoning versus Deductive reasoning |
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Definition
I: This kind of reasoning derives general principles from a large number of specific observations.
"All organisms are made of cells" is an inductive conclusion based on the discovery of cells in every microscopic biological specimen observed by biologists over 2 centuries of time.
D: is the logic used in hypothesis-based science to come up with ways to test hypothesis.
The reasoning flows from the general to the specific. From general premises, we extrapolate to the specific results we should expect is the premises are true. Ex. If all organisms are made of cells (premise 1), and humans are organisms (premise 2), then humans are composed of cells (deduction). |
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Term
| Discovery science versus Classical scientific method |
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Definition
- describing nature with verifiable observations
ex. counting the number of species on an island, tracking the spread of a new infectious disease.
- uses deductive reasoning.
observations > questions > tentative answer (hypothesis) > falsifiable predictions > controlled experiment or comparison |
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Term
| Four special features of biology |
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Definition
Complexity:
millions of species of interacting organisms; huge complexity within individuals
Variation:
all individuals are different
Change:
organisms change throughout their lives; species evolve across generations
Information transfer:
history matters |
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Term
| Common features of living things |
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Definition
| Order, Regulation, Growth and Development, Energy processing, Response to the environment, Reproduction, Evolutionary adaptation |
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Term
| Organizational hierarchy of biology |
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Definition
| biosphere > ecosystem > community > population > organism > organ system > organ > tissue > cell > organelle > molecule. |
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Term
| Prokaryotes versus eukaryotes |
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Definition
Pro: is much simpler and usually much smaller than a eukaryotic cell. Ex. The cells of the microorganisms we commonly call bacteria are prokaryotic.
Eu: is subdivided by internal membranes into many different functional compartments, or organelles, including the nucleus that houses the cell's DNA.
- Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes defined by where DNA or
“genes”(information defining the organism’s properties)
is housed |
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Term
Unicellular versus Multicellular.
What advantages does multicellular life have over unicellular life? |
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Definition
Uni:
- small - uses mvt of molecules to get nutrients
- cannot move far or fast
- little ability to control internal environment
- may be highly specialized in energy processing
Multi:
- can be MUCH bigger than unicellular organisms
- exchange of molecules dependent on size: rapid over short distances: very slow over long distances
- lets the organism get big while cells stay small
Advantages:
Movement, Control, Specialization (cellular differentiation) |
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Term
| What types of organisms did multicellular life evolve from? |
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Definition
- evolved from unicellular eukaryotes
- basic features common to unicellular and multicellular
- many unicellular organisms are colonial |
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Term
| Why does multicellular life require development? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
sexual adult (multicellular) -->
gametes (unicellular) -->
zygote (unicellular) -->
one or more "embryonic" stages (developmental processes) -->
COMPLEX:
one or more multicellular asexual "larval" stages --> |
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Term
| what role does senescence play in the life cycle? |
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Definition
| zygote -> embryo -> juvenile -> adult -> senescence, death |
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Term
| what are features of senescence? |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 basic developmental processes |
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Definition
cell proliferation:
cells produced by cell division
cell differentiation:
cells specialize for different jobs
cell death:
contributes to formation of body structures
cell migration:
embryonic cells move |
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Term
| 4 aspects of the animal body plan by development |
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Definition
- The degree of differentiation and specialization of cells and tissues
- The fundamental symmetry of the body plan
- Number, production, and arrangement of germ layers
- The presence and arrangement of body cavities |
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Term
| What is the difference between cellular and tissue levels of differentiation and specialization in animals? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- "true animals"
- cells are organized into different tissues
- member of the clade of "true animals" the animals with true tissues (all animals except sponges) |
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Term
| Difference between radial and bilateral symmetry |
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Definition
Symmetry:
whether body has “mirror images”
Radial symmetry:
body can be 'cut' into identical halves (mirror images) along any plane around a single axis
Bilateralsymmetry:
body can be 'cleaved' in only one planeand still produce mirror-image halves (right and left sides) |
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Term
| identify the germ layers, the tissues that arise from them, and when the germs layers form during development. |
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Definition
Germ layers:
are embryonic cell layers that go on to form all the other cell types and tissues
Ectoderm: skin and nervous system
Endoderm: gut and associated organs and structures
Mesoderm: muscles, gonads, internal skeletons |
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Term
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Definition
| - rapid succession of cell divisions that makes multicellular embryo from zygote |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| - cell migration that forms a simple digestive cavity and allows tissue layers and organs to form |
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Term
| what is the difference between a protostome and a deuterostome? |
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Definition
Protostomes: mouth forms first (worms, snails, insects, etc.)
Deuterostomes: mouth forms second (sea stars, fish, birds, us) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| body cavity (coelom) and what features define acoelomates, pseudocoelomates, and eucoelomates |
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Definition
Body cavities: are internal spaces between germ layers, containing various structures and organs
Acoelomates: no body cavity; the space between ectoderm and endoderm is filled with mesoderm
Pseudocoelomates: body cavity (pseudocoelom) is partially lined with mesoderm (the gut has no mesoderm)
Eucoelomates: body cavity (coelom)is completelylined with mesoderm |
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Term
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Definition
- the capacity to perform work
- to move matter against an opposing force |
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Term
| potential versus kinetic energy |
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Definition
1. Potential energy
- Stored
- Capacity to perform work due to location or structure
e.g., skier at top of hill; chemical energy
2. Kinetic energy
- Is doing work
- Movement
e.g. heat, light, muscle contractions1. Potential energy |
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Term
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Definition
• Potential energy in molecules
• Due to arrangement of atoms
– contained in bonds between atoms
• Is used to do work in cells
– synthesizing molecules
– pumping molecules, ions into & out of cells
– tissue growth and repair
– electrochemical activity
– muscle contractions
• Essential for living organisms |
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Term
2 laws of thermodynamics
how do they affect energy use in organisms? |
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Definition
First Law of Thermodynamics
(Law of Energy Conservation)
• The total amount of energy in the universe is constant.
• Energy can be transferred or converted, but not created or destroyed.
• Energy in = Energy outEnergy in = Energy out
Second Law of Thermodynamics
• Entropy = disorder (randomness) in a system.
• Energy conversions increase entropy, reduce order.
• In living organisms, entropy is released as heat (random molecular motion).
Usable energy in = Usable energy out + Entropy energy in = Usable energy out + Entropy
• Any transfer of energy (e.g. chemical reaction) involve some loss of energy (e.g. heat) to the surroundings. |
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Term
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Definition
| a measure of disorder. one form of disorder is heat, which is random molecular motion. |
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Term
endergonic versus exergonic?
how are the coupled? |
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Definition
Exergonic Reactions
• “Energy out”-releases energy
• Complex molecules -> simpler products
• Uses potential energy
• Energy is released to the surroundings
Endergonic Reactions
• “Energy in”-requires net input of energy
• Simple precursors -> complex molecules
• Products gain potential energy
Cell couples an exergonic rx with an endergonicrx
1st: Exergonicrx releases energy
2nd: This energy is used to perform an
endergonic rx |
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Term
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Definition
| adenosine triphosphate, adenosine diphosphate |
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Term
| how is ATP used as the fundamental energy currency and how is it coupled to other reactions? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the energy of activation of a reaction? |
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Definition
| the energy required to start a reaction. |
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Term
| understand what enzymes are and how they help lower the energy of activation. |
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Definition
• Speed up chemical reactions
• Essential to life in all organisms
• General characteristics:
• Protein that interacts with specific
substrate(s)
• Contains active site that binds to substrate
• Catalyzes reactions: speeds up reactions
without changing composition
• Undergoes change of shape during reaction |
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Term
| define substrate and activation site |
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Definition
1. a specific substance (reactant) on which an enzyme acts. each enzyme recognizes only the specific substrate or substrates of the reaction it catalyzes. 2. a surface in or on which an organism lives.
the part of an enzyme molecule where a substrate molecule attaches (by means of weak chemical bonds) typically a pocket or groove on the enzyme's surface. |
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Term
| aerobic and anaerobic metabolism |
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Definition
Aerobic Metabolism
• Glucose + O2 ⇒ CO2 + H2O + heat + 36 ATP
– glucose oxidized to carbon dioxide and water
– glucose completely broken down
– lots of energy released
– some energy lost as heat
Anaerobic Metabolism (Fermentation)
Lactic Acid: Glucose ⇒ lactic acid + 2 ATP
–glucose incompletely broken down
–not much energy released
–inefficient
• Alcohol: Glucose -> ethanol + 2 ATP2 ATP |
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Term
the different types of aerobic and anaerobic "respiration,"
what molecules they use and procedure,
and the net yield of ATP from each |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 different components of temperature regulation schemes |
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Definition
| homeotherms and poikilotherms |
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Term
| homeotherm versus poikilotherm |
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Definition
Homeotherms
Regulate body temperatureto set-point
“Warm-blooded”
–Mammals
–Birds
Poikilotherms
Body temperature fluctuates with ambient temperature
“Cold-blooded”
–Most other animals |
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Term
| endotherm versus ectotherm |
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Definition
- Produce only small amounts of heat
- Get heat from the environment
- May behaviorally thermoregulate
- Most invertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles
- Generate own body heat from metabolism
- Elevate body temp. above ambient temp.
- Have physical and physiological mechanisms for heat production and heat loss
- Mammals, birds, some fishes, some insects |
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Term
| Define and understand Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) |
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Definition
Minimal metabolic rate required to fuel an organism’s essential functions
(breathing, heartbeat, homeostasis maintenance)
Must be measured in thermal neutral zone (TNZ)
(temp. range in which BMR doesn’t change with changing ambient temp.) |
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Term
| Standard Metabolic Rate (SMR) |
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Definition
In ectotherms, body temp. and metabolic rate rise
and fall with the ambient temp.
SMR = organism's resting and fasting metabolic rate at a given body temp. |
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Term
| Thermal Neutral Zone (TNZ) |
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Definition
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Term
| How do the BMR and the SMR change with ambient temp? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| how do calorie requirements depend on the metabolic rate? |
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Definition
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Term
| organic and inorganic requirements that we need in our diet |
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Definition
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Term
| For carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals, know what they are composed of and what functions they provide to the body |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| animal fats versus plant fats |
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Definition
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Term
| saturated and unsaturated fats |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 4 different methods of ingestion |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 stages of food processing |
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Definition
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Term
| Order of the digestive tract, what role each part plays, and how nutrients are processed in each part |
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Definition
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Term
| Is digestion mechanical or chemical or both? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How do the accessory glands (liver, gall bladder, and pancreas) assist in digestion in the small intestine? |
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Definition
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Term
| Know what parts each type of nutrient macromolecule is broken down into for absorption in the small intestine |
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Definition
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Term
Villi versus Microvilli.
how do they assist in absorption of food molecules that occurs in the small intestine? |
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Definition
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Term
| Differences between the digestive systems of carnivores and herbivores |
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Definition
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Term
| What gases are we exchanging with environment, what chemical reactions are they used in/products of? |
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Definition
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Term
| "cellular" respiration and "whole organism" respiration |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| how is the diffusion rate determined? |
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Definition
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Term
| how does gas exchange by diffusion constrain the shape of gas exchange organs? |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 basic modes of whole organism respiration |
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Definition
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Term
| which modes of respiration are linked to the circulatory system in the organism and which are not? |
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Definition
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Term
| Order of the human respiratory system. Know the basic functions of these parts. |
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Definition
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Term
| what does it mean for ventilation to be "tidal?" |
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Definition
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Term
| what role do the diaphragm and intercostal muscles play in inhalation/exhalation? |
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Definition
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Term
| how does the body decide how hard it should be breathing? |
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Definition
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Term
| The routes that O2 and CO2 take in the blood |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How do we keep our respiratory system clean? How do smoking and air pollution inhibit this process? |
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Definition
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Term
| Organisms with no circulatory system, open circulatory system and a closed circulatory system |
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Definition
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Term
| For organisms with a closed circulatory system, contrast the 3 types we talked about in class and how many chambers their hearts have |
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Definition
| Fishes, Amphibians, Birds and Mammals |
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Term
| Pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit |
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Definition
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Term
| 5 types of vessels in the vascular system |
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Definition
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Term
| Vascular system vessels. Which are bigger and which are smaller? |
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Definition
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Term
| Vascular system vessels. Which ones go to the heart and which ones go away from the heart? |
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Definition
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Term
| Difference between arteries, veins, and capillaries. How does their structure fit their particular function? |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 chambers of the heart. Receive or pump blood? Pulmonary or systemic circuit? |
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Definition
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Term
| Difference between AV and the semilunar valves? |
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Definition
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Term
| Know the structures of blood flow. Which parts carry O2 and CO2? |
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Definition
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Term
| What roles do diastole and systole play in the cardiac cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| what roles do the sinoatrial node and the atrioventricular node play in setting the tempo of the cardiac cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is blood pressure the highest and the lowest? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does our body make blood flow in veins when the blood pressure there is almost zero? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the different parts of blood? What do these parts do? |
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Definition
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