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Biological Science for NMU
N/A
38
Biology
Undergraduate 1
02/16/2011

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Term
Autotroph
Definition
-"self-feeders"
-Include plants and other organisms that make all their own organic matter from inorganic nutrients.
Term
Heterotroph
Definition
-"other feeders"
-include humans, other animals, fungi, and other prokaryotes that cannot make organic molecules from inorganic ones
Term
Producers
Definition
Biologists refer to plants and other autotrophs as the producers in an ecosystem
Term
Consumers
Definition
Hetertrophs are consumers, because they eat plants or other animals
Term
Aerobic
Definition
The may way that chemical energy is harvested from food and converted to ATP, it requires oxygen
Term
Anaerobic
Definition
Does not require oxygen
Term
Reactions of Aerobic Cellular Respiration
Definition
-Glycolysis
-Citric Acid Cycle "Kreb's Cycle"
-Electron Transport
Term
Glycolysis
Definition
a molecule of glucose is split into two molecules of pyruvic acid, occurs in cytosl. Breaks down 6-carbon glucose into two 3-carbon molecules of pyruvic acid.

Anaerobic
Term
Citric Acid Cycle
Definition
Completes the breakdown of sugar, the process has moved into the mitochondria.

Aerobic
Term
Electron Transport
Definition
Releases the energy your cells need to make most of their ATP, hydrogen atoms removed during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are delivered to protein carriers.

Aerobic
Term
Fermentation
Definition
a metabolic process whereby electrons released from nutrients are ultimately transferred to molecules obtained from the breakdown of those same nutrients
Term
Chloroplast
Definition
Found in the interior cells of leaves; contain stroma, a thick fluid; contain thylakoids
Term
Thylakoids
Definition
Membrane Sacs
Term
Light Reactions
Definition
Use light to energize chloroaphyll in the thalakoid membranes(produces high energy electrons). Water is split, giving off oxygen (ATP is produced), high energy electrons and ATP enter the Calvin Cycle.
Term
Calvin Cycle
Definition
Occurs in the stoma of the chloroplast; functions like a sugar factory within a chloroplast; atmospheric carbon dioxide enters here, along with the high energy electrons and ATP from light reactions; the carbon from the carbon dioxide is used to make glucose and other organic compounds
Term
C3
Definition
Plants that use carbon dioxide directly from the air. Are very common and widely distributed. (soybeans, oats, wheat)
Term
C4
Definition
Plants that close their stomata to save water during hot and dry weather; can still carry out photosynthesis. (corn, sugar cane)
Term
CAM
Definition
Plants that open their stomata only at night to conserve water. (cacti, pineapples)
Term
Photosynthetic Sea Slug
Definition
Has "stolen" enough genes to become the first animal shown to make chlorophyll like a plant, takes the photosynthesizing organelles and some genes from algae.
Term
What does cell division accomplish?
Definition
It plays a role in the replacement of lost or damaged cells, and cell reproduction and growth.
Term
Steps of mitosis
Definition
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telaphase
Term
Number of chromosomes in a human somatic cell
Definition
46 chromosomes or 23 pair
Term
What are the two types of genetic testing prior to birth?
Definition
-amniocentesis
-CVS
Term
Who was the monk who worked out the genetics of pea plants in the abbey garden?
Definition
Gregor Mendel
Term
What were Gregor Mendels four hypotheses developed from his experiments with monohybrid cross?
Definition
-there are alternative forms of genes, called alleles
-for each characteristic, an organism inherits two alleles, one form each parent
-alleles can be dominant or recessive
-gametes carry only one allele for each inherited characteristic
Term
Allele
Definition
Alternative form of genes, can be dominant or recessive
Term
Phenotype
Definition
an organisms physical traits
Term
Genotype
Definition
An organisms genetic makeup
Term
Loci
Definition
locations of genes on a chromosome
Term
Monohybrid Cross
Definition
A cross between parent plants that differ in only one characteristic
Term
Heterozygous
Definition
When an organism has different alleles for a gene
Term
Homozygous
Definition
When an organism has identical alleles for a gene
Term
Complete Dominance
Definition
Term
Incomplete Dominance
Definition
F1 hybrids have an appearance in between the phenotypes of the two parents
(red and white flowers-> pink flowers ...or hypercholesterolemia)
Term
Pleiotropy
Definition
The impact of a single gene on more than one characteristic (sickle-cell disease)
Term
Polygenic Inheritance
Definition
The additive effects of two or more genes on a single phenotype (skin pigment)
Term
DNA is all about making ...
Definition
Proteins
Term
Equation for glucose-driven aerobic cellular respiration
Definition

Glucose + Oxygen --> Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy

C6H12O6 + 6H2O       --->       6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

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