Term
| Inhibitory PostSynaptic Potential (IPSP) |
|
Definition
| The temporary hyperpolarization of a membrane. |
|
|
Term
| Excitatory postsynaptic Potential (EPSP) |
|
Definition
| A graded depolarization or hyperpolarization. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The circuit from sensory neuron to muscle response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| automatic muscular reponses to stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small neuron with no axon or a very short one |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Introduced the term Synapse
Found communication between one neuron and the next differs from communication along a single axon
Great pioneer of modern neuroscience
Dog experiment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Point of communication at the gap between two neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Membran potentials that vary in magnitude without following the all or none law |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The jumping of action potentials from node to node. |
|
|
Term
| Can action potentials regenerate along the axon membrane, between the nodes of ranvier |
|
Definition
| No, because sodium channels are virtually absent between the nodes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interruptions in the myelin sheath that allows the action potential to jump from node to node faster than axons conserves energy. |
|
|
Term
| Propogation of the action potential |
|
Definition
| the transmission of an action potential down an axon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When a cell resists the production of further action potentials. |
|
|
Term
| Absolute Refractory Period |
|
Definition
| Part 1 of the refractory period, no stimulation will produce action potential |
|
|
Term
| Relative Refractory period |
|
Definition
| Part 2 of the refractory period, stronger than usual stimulus will produce action potential |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| No matter how much you stimulate the neuron it will react the same |
|
|
Term
| The steps to acheiving an action potential. |
|
Definition
1) insert electrode into a neuron
2) stimulate it beyond the threshold of excitation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A rapid depolarization and slight reversal of the usual polarization.
*opens the membranes sodium channels and permits rapid flow of ions across the membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What advantage does a resting potential present to neurons? |
|
Definition
| PThe cell is prepared to respond strongly and rapidly to a stimulus |
|
|
Term
| What two forces are acting on sodium when a neuron is at rest? |
|
Definition
| Electrical gradient and concentration gradient. Both have the same impact on potassium. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pumps the sodium ions out of the membrane and draws potassuium in. 3 sodium out 2 potassium in. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Some chemicals can pass through the membran more freely than others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The difference in voltage in a resting neuron |
|
|
Term
| Describe the distribution of ions inside/outside of the cell. |
|
Definition
| The inside has a slightly negative electrical potential compared to the outside |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A difference in electrical charge between two locations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A differnce in electrical charge between the inside and the outside of the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A simple sugar. Neurons depend on it because it is the only nutrient that passes the BBB. Needs thiamine to use. |
|
|
Term
Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)
Define, how does it work, what are the downsides |
|
Definition
Keeps most chemicals out of the Brain.
Binds cells so tightly that nothing can enter
It is difficult to medicate the brain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Expands energy to pump chemicals from the blood into the brain. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 types of glia? |
|
Definition
| Astrocytes, microglia, oligodendroytes, schwann cells, radial glia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type of cell in nervous system that does no conduct umpulses to other cells |
|
|
Term
| Compare and contrast afferent and efferent neurons |
|
Definition
Afferent - bring info in
Efferent - take info out |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Motor Neuron
Sensory Neuron
Interneuron |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The swollen tup of an axon branch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| insulating material covering axons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Interruptions in the Myelin Sheath |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a thin fiber of constant diameter, in most cases longer than dendrites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the swelling where the axon hits the soma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the structure that contains the chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Contains all the cell structures (nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Branching fibers that get narrower near the ends |
|
|
Term
| 4 reasons animals are studied by scientists |
|
Definition
1) Behaviors are similar across species and sometimes easier to study
2) Interested in animals for their own sake
3) sheds light on human evolution
4) sometimes can't use humans because of legal or ethical reasons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| People will help someone who will help them in return |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An action that benefits someone other than the actor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Choosing individuals with a desired trait and breeding them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A change over generations in how often various genes present themselves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Both sexes have them and they tend to be specific to one sex. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Genes located on the sex chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All genes besides the sex linked genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Will only show in homozygous. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Will show whether homozugous or heterozygous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Biological catalysts that regulate chemical reactions in the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ribonucleic Acid, single stranded chemical |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Deoxyribonucleic Acid, a double stranded molecule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Strands of genes
Comes in pairs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hereditary units that look the same from one generation to another, come in pairs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Form of monoism, I alone exist, I alone am conscious |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Form of monoism, only the mind exists, physical world would not if a mind didn't know of it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Form of monoism, mental processes and brain processes are the same just described different |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Form of monoism, everything is material or physical |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| universe is one substance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| French Philosopher, defended dualism, recognized it doesn't make sense for a non-substance mind to influence the physical brain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mind & Body are different and exist independently |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the relationship between the mind an the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Describes why a struture or behavior evolved as it did |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| understanding in terms of evolutionary history of a species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| describes how a structure or behavior developes |
|
|
Term
| Physiological Explanation |
|
Definition
| relates a behavior to the brain avtivity and other organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Relating biology to issues of psychology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the neuron producing action potentials regularly with out synaptic input |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Over time. a fewly rapidly repeated pinches. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Over space. Pinching two feet once at the same time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Frog Experiment. Reactions such as symapathy and fear are created by chemical reactions and not electricity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transport nueropeptides from cell body to axon terminals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| action potentials go down axon/ calcium enters cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| released molecules diffues across cleft |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nuerotransmitters molecules seperate from their receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nuerotransmitter molecules are taken back or diffuse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| postsynaptic cells send reverse messages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemicals released by neurons that effects other neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| space between postsynaptic neuron and presynaptic terminal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the cell that receives the message |
|
|
Term
| Catergories of neurotransmitters |
|
Definition
| amino acids, neuropeptides, acetylcholine, monoamines, purines, gases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| synaptic effect that depends on the rapid opening of some kind of gate in the membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| at synapse that produces a relatively slow but long lasting effect through metabolic reactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a chemical that is secreted either by a gland or a cell and moved by the blood to other organs whose activity it influences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Attached to the hypothalmus |
|
|
Term
| Anterior and Posterior _________ gland |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a drug that blocks the effects of neurotransmitters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a drug that mimicks or increases the effects of neurotransmitters. |
|
|
Term
| low efficacy/high effinity |
|
Definition
| a drug that binds to a receptor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small subcortial brain area that is rich in dopamine receptors and evidentally a major part of the brains reinforcement system |
|
|
