oCell soma (body)

-nucleus

oDendrites

-Dendritic spines: protoplasmic extensions from the primary shaft; incoming neurons preferentially synapse on these dendrite spots

-Where information is received from other neurons

oAxons

-Information transmission area

-Transmits information from the cell body to other neurons

-Electrical activity

-Thinner in diameter and longer than dendrites

oShape of cell body

  -Ex. Oval cells: spherical shaped

oSize of cell body

   -Small in terms of diameter (<40 micrometers)

   -Large in terms of diameter (>40 micrometers)

oNumber of processes

   -Unipolar neuron: one process

   -Bipolar neuron : two processes

   -Multipolar neuron: more than two processes

o(1) the brain is composed of separate neurons and other cells that are independent structurally, metabolically, and functionally.

o(2) information is transmitted from cell to cell across tiny gaps (synapses)

oTransmission of information within the neuron is transmitted ELECTRICALLY

   -Types of electrical activity

     •Action potential (propagated)

     •Local potentials (post synaptic potentials)

   -Neurotransmitters: chemical cells that are transmitted;

    the “messengers”

oTransmission of information between neurons is transmitted CHEMICALLY (interneural communication)

The “glue” to glue the neurons to the brain; manufacture myelin which covers the axon

largest glial cells that have a starburst shape; communicates with neighboring neurons

    -Found in wound repair in brain
         •Edges of cut attract glial cells and a glial barrier is

          formed and a glial scar is created

Cell stains

Many different types

   -Golgi: stains everything, yet only a few

   -Cell body stains: (name?)

   -Fat stains: shows axons b/c of myelin sheath(name?)

CNS=Central

PNS=peripheral

are both part of the...

(Function) Dilates pupil, inhibits salivation, relaxes airways, accelerates heartbeat, stimulates sweat glands, inhibits digestion, constricts blood vessels in skin, stimulates secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine, relaxes bladder, stimulates ejaculation

(Location) neurons originate from the thoracic (middle part; first inward curve from top) division of the spinal cord

What system is this?

(function) Constricts pupil, stimulates salivation, constricts airways, slows heartbeat, stimulates glucose production and release, stimulates digestion, stimulates gallbladder to release bile, dilates blood vessels in intestines, dilates blood vessels in skin, contracts bladder, stimulates penile erection and clitoral engorgement

(location) Neurons originate from the brain stem

Which system is this?

all of the neurons found outside of the bony casings or parts of the neurons and innervations of the skeletal muscles throughout the body, as well as the sensory organs and sensations from body surfaces

Autonomic Nervious System- smooth and cardiac (automatic) muscles

Somatic Nervious System- regular (controlled) muscles, sensory organs, and senses

Segments of the spinal cord

(list all 5 and how many of each segment)

8 cervical

12 thoracic
 5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccyx

Are all parts of the...

Neural Degeneration

(two forms: list and describe them)

Retrograde degeneration: destruction of the nerve cell body following injury to its axon (prevents message from forming; before being made)

Anterograde degeneration: (wallerian degeneration) loss of the distal portion of an axon resulting from injury to the axon (prevents message from arriving; after being made)

_____ emerge from the part of the axon still connected to the nerve cell body at the site of a cut and advance slowly towards where it was connected before

this is called _____ing

-Frontal lobe:  responsible for working memory
-Parietal lobe: responsible for spatial processing and movement
-Occipital lobe: responsible for vision
-Temporal lobe: responsible for semantics, (“Jennifer Aniston cells”: facial recognition), and memory
-Insula lobe: responsible for auditory recognition, phonological processing of speech, gestation (speech), olfaction (smell)

These lobes are all make up the _____.

The _____ system works various parts of the brain to guide emotion. These parts are:

-Cingulate cortex: emotion formation and processing (along with learning)

-Olfactory bulb: smell and related memory

-Hippocampus: “seahorse”; responsible for memory, context processing, (e.g remembering places, with emotional memory)

-Amygdala: “(angry) almond”; attaches emotional valence (a meter of how great or small something is) to stimuli, emotional processing; guides emotional behavior such as aggression

-Fornix: fiber that connects the hippocampus to the mammillary body

-Thalamus: relay station of the brain (contains mammillary bodies)

These two areas make up the ______ system

1) Striatum
      -Caudate
      -Putamen
2) Globus pallidus

3) Lentiform nucleus

4) Subthalamic nucleus

5) Substantia nigra: Source of dopamine for the striatum

Midbrain (mesencephalon): List two subcomponents

(upper and lower)

Tectum

Tegmentum: 3 major subparts

    -Substantia Nigra

    -VTA

    -Raphe Nuclei

Tectum and Tegmentum make up the ______

responsible for breathing and regulating sleep

(two parts)

lob___: removal

Lob____ : cut/snip/pick

protective membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord

Dura Mater, Arachnoid, Pia Mater

Medulla: contains many cranial nerves and lot of information for the parasympathetic nervous system

Mentencephalam: composed of

    -pons 

    -cerebellum

cavities that contain cerebral spinal fluid are called ____

4 types of ______
-Lateral _____s: (largest)
-Metencephalon: frontal horn, occipital horn, temple horn
-Hypothalamus:third ______, fourth ______
-Central canal: leads to spinal cord

Resting membrane potential:

the difference in electrical potential across the membrane of a nerve cell during an inactive period (no stimulation), is called the _____ _____ ____.

Different axons have different ____ ____ ____s.

1) latent period
2) initial depolarization: first change towards 0 mV
3) spike potential (firing level of the neuron; overshoot)
4) after depolarization (repolarization)
5) after hyperpolarization (correction of undershoot)

This process describes _____.

All-or-none principle: if the amount of stimulation that we apply to the axon doesn’t produce an action potential, we don’t get it. If it is at threshold or above, we will always get the action potential; the fact that the amplitude of the action potential is independent of the magnitude of the stimulus

Conduction is non-decremental: if you stimulate at a particular point along the axon, the action potential that is generated there will have the same degree of depolarization at that point as it will at the axon terminal; action potential does not get smaller as it gets farther away from the point of origin of the stimulation; size does not decrease

Conduction does not indicate unidirectionality: there is nothing about the axon that determines the direction of transmission

These rules all describe ________

Diameter thickness of axon

and

Conduction Velocity (Conductivity)

affect ______

Type of neuron involved in the mediation of pain and relays to CNS;

Type of neuron found in motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscles, and sensation areas

Rank Neurons by size and conduction velocity

1) 12-20um; 70-120m/s

2) 5-15um; 30-70m/s

3) 3-5um; 15-30m/s

4) 2-3um; 12-15m/s

5) 0.4-1.2um; 0.5-2m/s

Alpha

Beta

Gamma

Delta

C

1) the summation of postsynaptic potentials that reach the axon hillock at different times. The closer in time that the potentials occur, the more complete the summation
-Ex. A + B + C (many neurons)

2) the summation at the axon hillock of postsynaptic potentials from across the cell body. If the summation reaches threshold, an action potential is triggered
-Ex. A + A + A (one neuron)

Exocytosis is used as a: __ (describe and list the 7 steps)

release mechanism for transmitter release

1) The action potential is propagated over the presynaptic membrane
2) Depolarization of the presynaptic terminal leads to influx of calcium
3)Calcium causes vesicles to fuse with the presynaptic membrane and release transmitters into the synaptic cleft
4) The binding of transmitter to receptor molecules in the postsynaptic membrane opens channels, permitting ion flow and initiating an excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potential
5) Excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potentials spread passively over dendrites and the cell body to the axon hillock (EPSPs and IPSPs)
6) Enzymes present in the extracellular space breaks down excess transmitters OR reuptake of transmitters slows synaptic action and recycles transmitters for subsequent transmission
7) Transmitter binds to autoreceptors in the presynaptic membrane

Slow; metabotropic, and adjacent to the ion channel (thus it takes time for g-protein messengers to travel to the ion channel).

Though slow, they benefit by allowing channels to be open for longer periods of time

Duration

What they do to the target

How long the action lasts

How far the neurotransmitter must go to find receptor

These four things all describe _____.

These two drugs block (antagonize) the NMDA receptor by closing up the ion channel of the receptor.

Able to elicit psychocis on users

This class of drug binds to GABA receptors to positively enhance (agonist) actvity of that receptor.

By increasing GABA, neurons are inhibited causing depressant effects

______ is an agonist of the _____ic receptor.

_____ can produce feelings of reward, alleviate anxiety/depression and produce cognitive enhancement

Blocks nicotinic receptors, causing paralysis.

Used in poison darts of south american natives

Dopamine is created in the ___ and ___

and is released prominently in the ___ and ___

_____ is created in the substantia nigra and hypothalmus

and is released primarily in the striatum and frontal lobe

Reserpine (antipsychotic; leaky vessicles), Atropine (anti-pupil dialator), Curare (paralysis drug), PCP (glutamate; exitatory), Caffine (*oddball;adenosine-inhibitory)