Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Biological Psychology
Flash cards for UCLA psych 115
95
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
07/07/2010

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Describe the Anatomy of the neuron (3 parts and their functions)
Definition

oCell soma (body)

-nucleus

oDendrites

-Dendritic spines: protoplasmic extensions from the primary shaft; incoming neurons preferentially synapse on these dendrite spots

-Where information is received from other neurons

oAxons

-Information transmission area

-Transmits information from the cell body to other neurons

-Electrical activity

-Thinner in diameter and longer than dendrites

Term
Targets of neurons
Definition
oMuscles oGlands oOther neurons
Term
Methods for classification of Neurons (3,+6subpoints)
Definition

oShape of cell body

  -Ex. Oval cells: spherical shaped

oSize of cell body

   -Small in terms of diameter (<40 micrometers)

   -Large in terms of diameter (>40 micrometers)

oNumber of processes

   -Unipolar neuron: one process

   -Bipolar neuron : two processes

   -Multipolar neuron: more than two processes

Term
Neuron doctrine:
Definition

o(1) the brain is composed of separate neurons and other cells that are independent structurally, metabolically, and functionally.

 

o(2) information is transmitted from cell to cell across tiny gaps (synapses)

Term
Transmission of information is done in how many ways?
Definition

oTransmission of information within the neuron is transmitted ELECTRICALLY

   -Types of electrical activity

     •Action potential (propagated)

     •Local potentials (post synaptic potentials)

   -Neurotransmitters: chemical cells that are transmitted;

    the “messengers”

oTransmission of information between neurons is transmitted CHEMICALLY (interneural communication)

Term
Axon Hillock
Definition
cone-shaped area from which the axon originates out of the cell body; has the lowest threshold for generating activity in the axon
Term
Glial cells
Definition

The “glue” to glue the neurons to the brain; manufacture myelin which covers the axon

Term
Oligodendroglia:
Definition
provide metabolic support for the neuron and are involved in making myelin ONLY FOR CNS
Term
Astroglia:
Definition

largest glial cells that have a starburst shape; communicates with neighboring neurons

    -Found in wound repair in brain
         •Edges of cut attract glial cells and a glial barrier is

          formed and a glial scar is created

Term
Microglia:
Definition
respond to infections in the neurosystem
Term
Research Methods (list them)
Definition

Cell stains

 

Many different types

   -Golgi: stains everything, yet only a few

   -Cell body stains: (name?)

   -Fat stains: shows axons b/c of myelin sheath(name?)

 

Term
_____ (percent/fraction) of neurons reside in the cortex?
Definition
2/3 (66%) of all neurons reside in the ____?
Term
Central nervous system:
Definition
portion of the nervous system that includes the brain and the spinal cord
Term
Peripheral nervous system:
Definition
portion of the nervous system that includes all the nerves and neurons outside the brain and spinal cord
Term
Autonomic nervous system (define)
Definition
all of the axons that innervate visceral tissues; supplies neural connections to glands, smooth muscle or cardiac muscles
Term
Sympathetic nervous system:
Definition
prepares the body for action, blood pressure increases, pupils widen, inhibits digestion, and the heart quickens
Term
Two major subsystems of nervous system
Definition

CNS=Central

PNS=peripheral

are both part of the...

Term
Two major subsystems of the Autonomic Nervious System
Definition
Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Nervous systems are subcomponents of the...
Term
Sympathetic Nervous system (describe function and location)
Definition

(Function) Dilates pupil, inhibits salivation, relaxes airways, accelerates heartbeat, stimulates sweat glands, inhibits digestion, constricts blood vessels in skin, stimulates secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine, relaxes bladder, stimulates ejaculation

 

(Location) neurons originate from the thoracic (middle part; first inward curve from top) division of the spinal cord

 

What system is this?

Term
Parasympathetic nervous system (Describe functions and location)
Definition

(function) Constricts pupil, stimulates salivation, constricts airways, slows heartbeat, stimulates glucose production and release, stimulates digestion, stimulates gallbladder to release bile, dilates blood vessels in intestines, dilates blood vessels in skin, contracts bladder, stimulates penile erection and clitoral engorgement

 

(location) Neurons originate from the brain stem

 

Which system is this?

Term
Efferent vs Afferent
Definition
Meaning to "exit" vs meaning to "arrive"
Term
Somatic nervous system:
Definition

all of the neurons found outside of the bony casings or parts of the neurons and innervations of the skeletal muscles throughout the body, as well as the sensory organs and sensations from body surfaces

Term
Name two subcomponents of Peripheral Nervous System
Definition

Autonomic Nervious System- smooth and cardiac (automatic) muscles

 

Somatic Nervious System- regular (controlled) muscles, sensory organs, and senses

Term
Ganglia:
Definition
collections of nerve cell bodies, belonging to the autonomic division of the peripheral nervous system, that are found in various locations and innervate the major organs
Term
Preganglionic neuron: 
Definition
“before the ganglion” referring to neurons in the autonomic nervous system that run from the central nervous system of the autonomic ganglia
Term
Postganglionic neuron:
Definition
”after the ganglion” referring to neurons in the autonomic nervous system that run from the autonomic ganglia to various targets in the body
Term

Segments of the spinal cord

(list all 5 and how many of each segment)

Definition

8 cervical

12 thoracic
 5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccyx

 

Are all parts of the...

Term

Neural Degeneration

(two forms: list and describe them)

Definition

Retrograde degeneration: destruction of the nerve cell body following injury to its axon (prevents message from forming; before being made)

 

Anterograde degeneration: (wallerian degeneration) loss of the distal portion of an axon resulting from injury to the axon (prevents message from arriving; after being made)

Term
Sprouting:
Definition

_____ emerge from the part of the axon still connected to the nerve cell body at the site of a cut and advance slowly towards where it was connected before

 

this is called _____ing

Term
Neocortex (List 5 lobes and descibe primary functions)
Definition

-Frontal lobe:  responsible for working memory
-Parietal lobe: responsible for spatial processing and movement
-Occipital lobe: responsible for vision
-Temporal lobe: responsible for semantics, (“Jennifer Aniston cells”: facial recognition), and memory
-Insula lobe: responsible for auditory recognition, phonological processing of speech, gestation (speech), olfaction (smell)

 

These lobes are all make up the _____.

Term
Limbic system (descibe its function, its six subcomponents and their independent functions)
Definition

The _____ system works various parts of the brain to guide emotion. These parts are:

 

-Cingulate cortex: emotion formation and processing (along with learning)


-Olfactory bulb: smell and related memory


-Hippocampus: “seahorse”; responsible for memory, context processing, (e.g remembering places, with emotional memory)


-Amygdala: “(angry) almond”; attaches emotional valence (a meter of how great or small something is) to stimuli, emotional processing; guides emotional behavior such as aggression

 

-Fornix: fiber that connects the hippocampus to the mammillary body


-Thalamus: relay station of the brain (contains mammillary bodies)

 

These two areas make up the ______ system

Term
Make seperate cards for subcomponents of brain areas (Neocortex, Limbic, Basil Ganglia, Midbrain and Hindbrain)
Definition
Term
Basal ganglia:
Definition
integrate cortical inputs for response gating and selection, i.e. they facilitate volitional (voluntary) movement; damage can lead to Parkinson’s Disease (under activity) or Huntington’s Disease (aberrant or over activity)
Term
Subcomponents of the Basil Ganglia (list them 5)
Definition

1) Striatum
      -Caudate
      -Putamen
2) Globus pallidus

3) Lentiform nucleus

4) Subthalamic nucleus

5) Substantia nigra: Source of dopamine for the striatum

Term
Hypothalamus (descibe function)
Definition
master endocrine center of the brain; regulates homeostasis and drives such as the four F’s (feeding, fighting, fleeing, fornication); releases both hormones and releasing hormones that stimulate the pituitary
Term

Midbrain (mesencephalon): List two subcomponents

(upper and lower)

Definition

Tectum

 

Tegmentum: 3 major subparts

    -Substantia Nigra

    -VTA

    -Raphe Nuclei

 

Tectum and Tegmentum make up the ______

Term
Substantia nigra:
Definition
Source of dopamine for striatum
Term
VTA:
Definition
Source of dopamine for ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens) and prefrontal cortex
Term
Raphe nuclei:
Definition
Source of serotonin for the forebrain
Term
Pons & medulla: (describe two function)
Definition

responsible for breathing and regulating sleep

(two parts)

Term
Sulcus/fisher:
Definition
a site of infolding (the wrinkle)
Term
Gyrus:
Definition
the tissue between any two sulcus (the bump around the wrinkle)
Term
-ectonmy:
-otomy:
Definition

lob___: removal

Lob____ : cut/snip/pick

Term
Meninges (describe and list types)
Definition

protective membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord

Dura Mater, Arachnoid, Pia Mater

Term
Dura mater:
Definition
“tough mother”; outer most and thickest membrane
Term
Arachnoid:
Definition
thin covering of the brain that lies between the dura mater and pia mater
Term
Pia mater:
Definition
"tender" thinnest and innermost membrane
Term
Ventricles:
Definition
chambers in the brain that contain cerebral spinal fluid to act as a shock absorber for the brain and to provide a medium for the exchange of materials and nutrients between blood vessels and brain tissue
Term
Hydrocephal(it)us:
Definition
“water brain” disease; blockage of drain for spinal fluid so it is forced to be compressed
Term
Hindbrain (composed of 2 parts)
Definition

Medulla: contains many cranial nerves and lot of information for the parasympathetic nervous system

 

Mentencephalam: composed of

    -pons 

    -cerebellum

Term
Ventricles (describe what they are and the 4 types)
Definition

cavities that contain cerebral spinal fluid are called ____

 

4 types of ______
-Lateral _____s: (largest)
-Metencephalon: frontal horn, occipital horn, temple horn
-Hypothalamus:third ______, fourth ______
-Central canal: leads to spinal cord

 

Term
Neurogenesis:
Definition
a process in which mitosis (DNA duplication) of nonneural cells to produce neurons; _____ is the generation of neurons
Term
Synaptogenisis:
Definition
establishment of synaptic contact among the neurons, particularly in CNS, as their axons and dendrites proliferate and grow out
Term
Synapse rearrangement:
Definition
loss of some synapses during the course of development and the development of others; the establishment of synaptic connections as axons and dendrites grow
Term
Apoptosis:
Definition
naturally occurring cell death if they do not establish proper synaptic connections; mechanism for cells committing suicide when the presence of the cell is no longer deemed necessary
Term
Atrophy:
Definition
decrease in shape, size, extension; can occur transneuronally (destroy input of a cell body, then it is no longer used, it need not die but it may show deterioration)
Term

Resting membrane potential:

 

Definition

the difference in electrical potential across the membrane of a nerve cell during an inactive period (no stimulation), is called the _____ _____ ____.

 


Different axons have different ____ ____ ____s.

Term
Action potential:
Definition
the propagated electrical message of a neuron that travels along the axon to the presynaptic axon terminals (stimulation of neuron)
Term
Depolarization:
Definition
change towards 0mV (getting less negative)
Term
Hyperpolarization:
Definition
change away from 0 mV (getting more negative)
Term
Five phases of action potential
Definition

1) latent period
2) initial depolarization: first change towards 0 mV
3) spike potential (firing level of the neuron; overshoot)
4) after depolarization (repolarization)
5) after hyperpolarization (correction of undershoot)

 

This process describes _____.

Term
Absolute refractory period:
Definition
time in the neuron when the action potential is present, in which it is beyond the capability of neuron to reproduce an action potential, no matter how much stimulation
Term
relative refractory period: 
Definition
is the interval immediately following (an action potential), during which initiation of a second action potential is inhibited, but not impossible (requires much more stimulation).
Term
Characteristics of Action Potentials
Definition

All-or-none principle: if the amount of stimulation that we apply to the axon doesn’t produce an action potential, we don’t get it. If it is at threshold or above, we will always get the action potential; the fact that the amplitude of the action potential is independent of the magnitude of the stimulus

 

Conduction is non-decremental: if you stimulate at a particular point along the axon, the action potential that is generated there will have the same degree of depolarization at that point as it will at the axon terminal; action potential does not get smaller as it gets farther away from the point of origin of the stimulation; size does not decrease


Conduction does not indicate unidirectionality: there is nothing about the axon that determines the direction of transmission

 

These rules all describe ________

Term
Postsynaptic potential:
Definition
the direct effects of the chemical transmitter molecules on the target structure; recorded in the target neuron from the one that was stimulated
Term
Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP):
Definition
 A type of action potential that causes a depolarization of the resting potential of the target neuron
Term
Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP):
Definition
A type of action potential that causes hyperpolarization of the resting potential of the target neuron
Term
Speed of action potential: (depends on two things)
Definition

Diameter thickness of axon

 

and

 

Conduction Velocity (Conductivity)

 

affect ______

Term
Type C Neurons; Type A neurons
Definition

Type of neuron involved in the mediation of pain and relays to CNS;

Type of neuron found in motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscles, and sensation areas

Term

Rank Neurons by size and conduction velocity

1) 12-20um; 70-120m/s

2) 5-15um; 30-70m/s

3) 3-5um; 15-30m/s

4) 2-3um; 12-15m/s

5) 0.4-1.2um; 0.5-2m/s

 

 

Definition

Alpha

Beta

Gamma

Delta

C

Term
1) Temporal Summation vs. 2) Spatial Summation
Definition

1) the summation of postsynaptic potentials that reach the axon hillock at different times. The closer in time that the potentials occur, the more complete the summation
-Ex. A + B + C (many neurons)


2) the summation at the axon hillock of postsynaptic potentials from across the cell body. If the summation reaches threshold, an action potential is triggered
-Ex. A + A + A (one neuron)

Term
IPSP's (use which ion)?
Definition
Chloride ions are used to generate _PSP's
Term
EPSP's (which ion?)
Definition
Sodium ions are used to create _PSP's
Term

Exocytosis is used as a: __ (describe and list the 7 steps)

Definition

release mechanism for transmitter release


1) The action potential is propagated over the presynaptic membrane
2) Depolarization of the presynaptic terminal leads to influx of calcium
3)Calcium causes vesicles to fuse with the presynaptic membrane and release transmitters into the synaptic cleft
4) The binding of transmitter to receptor molecules in the postsynaptic membrane opens channels, permitting ion flow and initiating an excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potential
5) Excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potentials spread passively over dendrites and the cell body to the axon hillock (EPSPs and IPSPs)
6) Enzymes present in the extracellular space breaks down excess transmitters OR reuptake of transmitters slows synaptic action and recycles transmitters for subsequent transmission
7) Transmitter binds to autoreceptors in the presynaptic membrane

Term
Ligand gated ion channels are ___
Definition
Fast; ionotropic, with receptor sites directly on channel
Term
G-protein coupled receptors are ___. Yet benefit from ____
Definition

Slow; metabotropic, and adjacent to the ion channel (thus it takes time for g-protein messengers to travel to the ion channel).

 

Though slow, they benefit by allowing channels to be open for longer periods of time

Term
Ways to classify neurotransmitters (4)
Definition

Duration

What they do to the target

How long the action lasts

How far the neurotransmitter must go to find receptor

 

These four things all describe _____.

Term
The thalamus is the gateway to all sensory imput except for the ______
Definition
The _______ is the gateway to all sensory imput except for olfactory
Term
Serotonin is realeased in the, ___, ___, and ___, while dopamine is not
Definition
Cerebellum, spinal chord, basal ganglia
Term
Neuron membranes are impermeable to:
Definition
Na+, and negatively charged proteins, are ____ for neuron neuronal membranes.
Term
K+ ions are stable at ___ mV
Definition
___ ions are stable at -80mV
Term
E/IPSP's propagate ______ly from their point of origin
Definition
_______ propagate passively from their point of origin
Term
Glutamate is the _________ (describe effect) neurotransmitter
Definition
______ is the main excitatory (depolarizing) neurotransmitter
Term
GABA is the _____ (describe effect) neurotransmitter
Definition
_____ is the main inhibitory (hyperpolarizing) neurotransmitter
Term
Agonist:
Definition
Substance that activates neural receptors
Term
Antagonist
Definition
Substance that blocks the activation of neural receptors
Term
PCP and ketamine (list bio and behavioral effects)
Definition

These two drugs block (antagonize) the NMDA receptor by closing up the ion channel of the receptor.

 

Able to elicit psychocis on users

Term
Benzodiazepines (Valium, Ambien, Xanax): list effects bio and behavioral
Definition

This class of drug binds to GABA receptors to positively enhance (agonist) actvity of that receptor.

 

By increasing GABA, neurons are inhibited causing depressant effects

Term
Nicotine (bio and behavioral effects)
Definition

______ is an agonist of the _____ic receptor.

_____ can produce feelings of reward, alleviate anxiety/depression and produce cognitive enhancement

Term
Curare (bio and behavioral effects)
Definition

Blocks nicotinic receptors, causing paralysis.

Used in poison darts of south american natives

Term

Dopamine is created in the ___ and ___

and is released prominently in the ___ and ___

Definition

_____ is created in the substantia nigra and hypothalmus

and is released primarily in the striatum and frontal lobe

Term
Swann cells
Definition
Mylinate neurons (ONLY OF PNS)
Term
list all antagonistic drugs,
Definition

Reserpine (antipsychotic; leaky vessicles), Atropine (anti-pupil dialator), Curare (paralysis drug), PCP (glutamate; exitatory), Caffine (*oddball;adenosine-inhibitory)

Supporting users have an ad free experience!