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Biological Psychology
exam 1
96
Science
Undergraduate 4
09/21/2009

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Term
Mind body problem
Definition
Quandary of explaining nonmaterial mind controlling material body
Term
mentalism
Definition
ARISTOTLE
Persons psyche is responsible for behavior
Term
dualism
Definition
descartes (mind body problem) A philosophical position that behavior is controlled by two entities, mind and body
Term
materialism
Definition
philisophical postion that holds that behavior can be explained by the nervous system without explanatory recourse to the mind
Term
3 major arteries to the brain
Definition
anterior cerebral, posterior cerebral and middle cerebral anterior provides blood to the ventral aspect, middle provides to lateral aspects and posterior provides blood to the caudle aspect (occipital region)
Term
cerebrum
Definition
major structure of the forbrain, consisting of two virtually identical hemispheres
Term
ischemic stroke
Definition
80% atherosclerosis, thrombosis, embolism, blockage of blood
Term
hemmoragic stroke
Definition
ruptured aneurism, intracerebral hemmorage
Term
tissue plasminogin activator
Definition
Treatment of ischemic stroke by breaking up blood clots and returning normal blood flow to region affected by blockage.
Term
diencephalon
Definition
refers to section btw the brain, contains hypothalamus, thalamus and epithalamus
Temp regulation, sexual behavior and eating
Term
hindbrain
Definition
pons, medulla, reticular formation and cerebellum
Term
reticular formation
Definition
midbrain area in which nuclei and fiber pathways are mixed, producing netlike appearance associated with sleep wake behavior and arrousal
Term
tectum
Definition
roof of the midbrain
Term
superior colliculus
Definition
part of tectum, part of midbrain, recieves visual imput and produces/orients mvmt.
Term
inferior colliculus
Definition
part of tectum, part of midbrain, recieves auditory imput.
Term
hypothalamus
Definition
diencephalon structure that contains many nuclei associated with temp regulation eating and sexual behavior
Term
thalamus
Definition
diencephalon structure through which info from all sensory systems are integrated and projected into the appropriate region of the neocortex ( - olfaction)
Term
Cerebral Cortex / neocortex
Definition
6 layers of gray matter on top of a layer of white matter.. create and respond to visual world. regulates host of mental activities ranging from perception to planning
Term
basal ganglia
Definition
area in forbrain that controls voluntary movement
Term
cytoarchetectural map and cell layers
Definition
map of the neocortex based on the organization, structure and distribution of cells
Term
Cell layers
Definition
Layer 4 is input layer. layers 1-3 are for processing. areas 5-6 are for output layers
Term
autonomic NS
Definition
sympathetic and parasympathetic
Term
principles of brain fxn
Definition
look at notes page 3
Term
types of glial cells
Definition
Ependymal cell, astrocyte, microglial cell, oligodendroglial cells, schwann cells
Term
ependymal cell
Definition
secrete CSF via the Choroid Plexus.
Term
Astrocyte
Definition
Nutrition and supportive fxn.
Term
microglial cell
Definition
Defensive fxn
Term
types of brain tumors
Definition
Glioma (50%), Meningioma, Metastatic tumor
Term
types of brain tumors
Definition
Glioma (50%), Meningioma, Metastatic tumor
Term
PNS axon regeneration
Definition
after axon degrades, schwann cells first shrink and then proliferate mapping out the old path of neuron. budding axons growth cone is guided by train of schwann cells present from old axon.
Term
CNS regeneration
Definition
Glial cells do not support regeneration and often times inhibit growth.
Term
temporal summation
Definition
two depolarizing inputs of stimulus separated in time
Term
spatial summation
Definition
two inputs of stim that are at the same time and are simultanious and are shown as one large epsp
Term
Loewi
Definition
Frog heart in salt bath. concluded that chemical was passed through solution to other heart with slow down signal. identified this chem as Ach
Term
stages of synaptic transmission
Definition
NT synthesis, release, receptor action, inactivation
Term
ways of NT deactivation
Definition
diffusion, degradation by enzymes in the cleft, reuptake, taken up by neighboring glial cells
Term
Synaptic transmission effects on different parts of neuron. Soma VS axon/terminal
Definition
soma = inhibitory, axon/dendrites = excitatory
Term
ways to identify a NT
Definition
the chemical must be synthesized or otherwise present in the neuron.
when neuron is active, the chem must be released and produce a response in some target.
the same response must be replicable when chem is experimentally placed on target
A mech must exist for removing the chem from its site of action when work is done.
Term
types of small molecule NT's
Definition
Ach, Dopamine, Norepinepherine, epinepherine, serotonin
Term
Amines
Definition
Dopamine, norepi, epi, serotonin
Term
AA's
Definition
Glutamate, GABA, Glycine, Histamine
Term
Dopamine and Epi synthesis
Definition
Synthesized from Tyrosine.. enzymes in each step
Term
rate limiting factor
Definition
an enzyme that is present in limited ammts. tyrosine hydroxylase is rate limiting factor for epi and norepi
Term
Peptide NT
Definition
AA sequences of varying length conected by peptide bonds. slow compared to sm. mol. NT's
Term
Transmitter Gases
Definition
NO. CO.
Only removed by diffusion and uptake into pre/post synaptic cells, and glial cells.
Term
Ionotropic channel
Definition
ionotropic receptors allow the passage of ions upon binding of NT to receptor by causing a direct conformational change in channel.
Term
Metabotropic
Definition
G protien coupled receptor, leads to second messenger enzymes and proteins that ultimately open channels or affect cell metabolism
Term
Location of NT systems TYPES
Definition
cholinergic (Ach), Dopaminergic (Da), Noradrenergic (norepinephrine), Serotonergic (serotonin)
Term
Cholinergic system Location
Definition
Midbrain nuclei, basal nuclei and forbrain nuclei
Term
Dopaminergic system location
Definition
Caudate nucleus, substantia nigra
Term
Noradrenergic system location
Definition
Locus Coeruleus
Term
Serotonergic system location
Definition
Raphe Nuclei
Term
characteristics of Blood Brain barrier
Definition
Astrocyte feet make endothelium less leaky, making it harder for material to move in and out, form multiple tight jxns.
Term
regions in brain that lack BBB
Definition
pituitary, Area Postrema, Pineal Gland
Term
types of hormones
Definition
steroid hormones/peptide hormones..
Homeostatic hormones, Gonadal hormones, glucocorticoids
Term
homeostatic hormones
Definition
mineralocorticoids -- aldosterone
Term
gonadal hormones
Definition
testosterone/estrogen
Term
glucocorticoids
Definition
fight of flight, cortisol
Term
orginizational hypothesis
Definition
actions of hormones during development alter tissue differentiation
ex. testosterone during development masculinizes brain
Term
6 effects of stress response on bodily systems
Definition
mobilize energy, use up proteins resulting in wasting and fatigue, GH inhibited, GI shuts down, Repro system functions are inhibited, Immune system suppression.
Term
Head Direction cells
Definition
located in limbic system, fires high frequency AP's when facing a specific direction
Term
EEG
Definition
Electroencephalogram- shows graded potentials of many neurons. gathered from outside skull
Term
alpha rhythm
Definition
EEG frequency when at rest w/ no stim, eyes closed, 11 cycles / second GENERATED IN VISUAL CORTEX
Term
ERP
Definition
Event Related Potentials. Brief changes in EEG signal in response to a discree sense of stim. NONINVASIVE, INEXPENSIVE.
Used to map brain fxn. need many trials to avg.
Term
Cognitive Neuroscience
Definition
Using research techniques to study the neural basis of cognition.
Term
Neuropsychology
Definition
Clinical observation and analysis of the behavioral symptoms of people with , ususally one, brain lesion
Term
MEG
Definition
MagnetoEncephaloGram
measures tiny changes in mag field of the brain
Term
TMS
Definition
TransCranialStimulation. Inhibits fxn of brain matter adjacent to magnet.
Term
Hunningtons Chorea
Definition
Degeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia and cortex, caused by mutation on chromosome 4
Term
Downs syndrome
Definition
Result of an extra copy of chromosome 21
Term
chimeric animal
Definition
genes from 2 diff animals
Term
Neural Stem Cells
Definition
Self Renewing pluripotent stem cells that give rise to any of the different types of neurons or glial cells in the CNS
Term
Ventricular Zone
Definition
Lining of the neural stem cells surrounding the ventricles in adults
Term
Progenitor Cell
Definition
Precoursor cells derived from stem cell, migrates and produces a neuron or glial cell
Term
Neurotrophic Factor
Definition
a chem compound that acts to support growth and differentiation of developing neurons and may act to keep certain neurons alive into adulthood
Term
Neurogenesis
Definition
Largely complete by 20 weeks. Much more prone to damage after this point b/c of decreased ability to cope w/ injury after 20 weeks
Term
Neuronal Migration
Definition
Neurons migrate along radial guide cells
map for the cortex is located in the ventricular zone
from the protomap in the ventricular zone to the cortical surface.
Term
cerebral palsy
Definition
rigid, jerky movements.. most commonly caused by birth injury such as anoxia from placental defect
Term
number of synapses in the CNS
Definition
10^14
Term
Neural Darwinism
Definition
hypothesis that the process of cell death are like natural selection, fighting over nutrients and metabolic resources in a neural event
Term
amount of pruning in CNS approaching adulthood
Definition
42%
Term
Broca's Area
Definition
discovery was significant b/c it initiated the idea that the right and left hemespheres of the cortex had diff fxn.
Btw. 15 and 24 mos, brocas area goes through an immense increase in density of axons and dendrites.
major change that takes place is btw. 2 and 12 years when the interconnections of neurons and myelination of the speech zones take place.
Term
myelination at different stages of life.
Definition
earliest parts in CNS to be myelinated are areas that focus on simple movement and sensory analysis, later in life, higher level of processing areas of the brain are myelinated
Term
Growth Spurt of the CNS
Definition
sporadic period of sudden growth that lasts for a finite amount of time.
Term
times that growth spurts occur
Definition
3-10 mos. (30% increase in brain weight)
2-4 yrs, 6-8, 10-12, 14-16+
increase in brain weight by 5-10% in each 2 year span.
weight gain due to growth of glial cells and synapses not growth of neurons
Term
Frog Eye Exp.
Definition
third eye grafted into frog head,
forms connections with one optic tectum
B/C the connections of the third eye are shared with another eye, the tracts must compete for synaptic space leading to formation of altering bands of connections.
Term
critical period
Definition
a time span during which brain development is most sensitive to a specific experience.
Term
imprinting
Definition
a crucial period during which an animal learns to restrict its social preferences to a specific class of objects, usually the members of its species.
Term
Romanian orphanages
Definition
cut all birth control and abortion leading to huge surge in fostered kids, no stim, malnurishment etc. once adopted the sucess rate of the kids depended heavily on the age at which they were adopted.
Term
CT scan
Definition
poor distinction btw. grey and white matter
Good contrast btw brain and CSF
Term
fMRI
Definition
good spatial resolution, poor temporal, good distinction btw grey and white matter.
Term
heterotopia
Definition
dvlpmt of part of the brain in an abnormal location
Term
anterograde vs. retrograde labeling
Definition
anterograde = cell body to axon/terminal
retrograde = axon/terminal to cell body
Term
DTI
Definition
diffusion tensor imaging. measure direction of water flow (axon direction)
Term
Stereotactic surgery/experimentation
Definition
Rat, drill hole, locate axis, place electrode, study single unit recording
Term
disadvantages to single unit recording
Definition
cant study higher processing, hard to extrapolate info from individual neuron to activity of a group.
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