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Biological Psych 310-101 for Test 3
Chapters 7, 8, 9
138
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
06/12/2013

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Term
pitch
Definition
A perceptual dimension of sound; corresponds to the fundamental frequency.
Term
hertz (Hz)
Definition
Cycles per second
Term
loudness 
Definition
A perceptual dimension of sound; corresponds to intensity.
Term
timbre (tamm ber or tim ber)
Definition
A perceptual dimension of sound; corresponds to complexity.
Term
tympanic membrane
Definition
The eardrum
Term
ossicle (ahss i kul)
Definition
One of three bones of the middle ear.
Term
malleus
Definition
The "hammer"; the first of the three ossicles.
Term
incus
Definition
The "anvil"; the second of the three ossicles.
Term
stapes
Definition
The "stirrup"; the last of the three ossicles
Term
cochlea (cock lee uh)
Definition
The snail-shaped structure of the inner ear that contains the auditory transducing mechanisms.
Term
oval window
Definition
An opening in the bone surrounding the cochlea that reveals a membrane, against which a baseplate of the stapes presses, transmitting sound vibrations into the fluid wihtin the cochlea.
Term
organ of Corti
Definition
The sensory organ on the basilar membrane that contains the auditory hair cells.
Term
hair cell
Definition
Ther receptive cell of the auditory apparatus.
Term
Deiter's cell (dye terz)
Definition
A supporting cell found in the organ of Corti; sustains the auditory hair cells.
Term
basilar membrane (bazz i ler)
Definition
A membrane in the cochlea of the inner ear; contains the organ of Corti.
Term
testorial membrane (tek torr ee ul)
Definition
A membrane locared above the basilar membrane; serves as a shelf against which the cilia of the auditory hair cells move.
Term
round window
Definition
An opening in the bone surrounding the cochlea of the inner ear that permits vibrations to be transmitted, via the oval window, into the fluid in the cochlea.
Term
cilium (plural: cilia)
Definition
A hairlike appendage of a cell involved in movement or in transducing sensory information; found on the receptors in the auditory and vestibular system.
Term
tip link
Definition
An elastic filament that attaches the rip of one cilium to the side of the adjacent cilium.
Term
insertional plaque
Definition
The point of attachment of a tip link t oa cilium.
Term
cochlear nerve
Definition
The branch of the auditory nerve that transmits auditory information from the cochlea to the brain.
Term
cochlear nucleus
Definition
One of a group of nuclei in the medulla that receive auditory information from the cochlea.
Term
superior olivary complex
Definition
A group of nuclei in the medulla; involved with auditory functions, including localization of the source of sounds.
Term
lateral lemniscus
Definition
A band of fibers running rostrally through the medulla and pons; carries fibers of the auditory system.
Term

tonotopic representation

(tann oh top ik)

Definition
A topographically organized mapping of different frequencies of sound that are represented in a particular region of the brain.
Term
place code
Definition
The system by which information about different frequwncies is coded by different locations on the basilar membrane.
Term
cochlear implant
Definition
An electronic device surgically implanted in the inner ear that can enable a deaf person to hear.
Term
rate coding
Definition
Teh system by which information about different frequencies is coded by the rate of firing of neurons in the auditory system.
Term
fundamental frequency
Definition
The lowest, and usually most intense, frequency of a complex sound; most often perceived as the sound's basic pitch.
Term
overtone
Definition
Teh frequency of complex tones that occurs at multiples of the fundamental frequency.
Term
phase difference
Definition
The difference in arrival times of sound waves at each of the eardrums.
Term
amusia (mew zia)
Definition
Loss or impairment of msical abilities, produced by hereditary factors or brain damage.
Term
vestibular sac
Definition
One of a set of two receptor organs in each inner ear that detects changes in the tilt of the head.
Term
semicircular canal
Definition
One of teh three ringlike structures of the vestibular apparatus that detect changes in head rotation.
Term
utricle (you trih kul)
Definition
One of the vestibular sacs.
Term
saccule (sak yule)
Definition
One of the vestibular sacs
Term
ampulla (am pull uh)
Definition
An enlargement in a semicircular canal; contains the cupula and the crista.
Term
cupula (kew pew luh)
Definition
A gelatinous mass found in the ampulla of teh semicircular canals; moves in response t the flow of the fluid in teh canals.
Term
vestibular ganglion
Definition
A nodule on the vestibular nerve that contains the cell bodies of the bipolar neurons that convey vestibular information to the brain.
Term
cutaneous sense (kew tane ee us)
Definition
One of the somatosenses; includes sensitivity to stimuli that involve the skin.
Term
proprioception
Definition
Perception of the body's position and posture.
Term
kinesthesia
Definition
Perception of the body's own movements.
Term
organic sense
Definition
A sense modality that ariese from receptors located within the inner organs of the body.
Term
glabrous skin (glab russ)
Definition
Skin that does not contain hair; found on the palms and soles of the feet.
Term
Ruffini corpuscle
Definition
A vibration-sensitive organ located in hairy skin.
Term
Pacinian corpuscle (pa chin ee un)
Definition
A specialized, encapsulated somatosensory nerve ending that detects mechanical stimuli, especially vibrations.
Term
Meissner's corpuscle
Definition
The touch-sensitive end organs located in the papillae, small elevations of the dermis that project up into the epidermis.
Term
Merkel's disk 
Definition
The touch-sensitive end organs found at the base of the epidermis, adjacent to sweat ducts.
Term
phantom limb
Definition
Sensations that appear to originate in a limb that has been amputated.
Term
umami (oo mah mee)
Definition
The taste sensation produced by glutamate; identify the presence of amino acids in foods (taste = savory)
Term
nucleus of the solitary tract
Definition
A nucleus of the medulla that receives information from visceral organs and from the gustatory system.
Term
olfactory epithelium
Definition
The epithelial tissue of the nasal sinus that covers the cribiform plate; contains the cilia of the olfactory receptors.
Term
olfactory bulb
Definition
Teh protrusion at the end of th olfactory tract; receives input from the olfactory receptors.
Term
mitral cell
Definition
A neuron located in the olfactroy bulb that receive information from olfactory receptors; axons of the mitral cells bring information to the rest of the brain.
Term

olfactory glomerulus 

(glow mare you luss)

Definition
A bundle of dendrites of mitral cells and the associated terminal buttons of the axons of olfactory receptors.
Term

electromyogram (EMG)

(my oh gram)

Definition
An electrical potential recorded from an electrode placed on or in a muscle.
Term

electro-oculogram (EOG)

(ah kew loh gram)

Definition
An electrical potential from the eyes, recorded by means of electrodes placed on the skin around them; detects eye movements.
Term
alpha activity
Definition
Smoothe electrical activity of 8-12 Hz recorded from the brain; generally assocaited with a state of relaxation.
Term
beta activity
Definition
Irregular electrical activity of 13-30 Hz recorded from teh brain; generally assocaiated with a state of arousal.
Term
theta activity
Definition
EEG activity of 3.5-7.5 Hz tht occurs intermittenly during early stages of slow-wave sleep and REM sleep.
Term
delta activity 
Definition
Regular, synchronous electrical activity of less than 4 Hz recorded from the brain; occurs during the deepest statges of slow-wave sleep.
Term
slow-wave sleep
Definition
Non-REM sleep, characterized by synchronized EEG activity during its deeper stages.
Term
REM sleep
Definition
A period of desynchronized EEG activity during sleep, at which time dreaming, rapid eye movements, and muscular paralysis occur; also called paradoxical sleep.
Term
sleep apnea (app nee a)
Definition
Cessation of breathing while sleeping.
Term

narcolepsy 

(nahr ko lep see)

Definition
A sleep disorder characterized by periods of irresistible sleep, attacks of cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and hypnagogic hallucinations.
Term
sleep attack
Definition
A symptom of narcolepsy; an irresistible urge to sleep during the day, after which the person awakens feeling refreshed.
Term

cataplexy 

(kat a plex ee)

Definition
A symptom of narcolepsy; complete paralysis that occurs during waking.
Term
sleep paralysis
Definition
A symptom of narcolepsy; paralysis occurring just before a person falls asleep.
Term

hypnagogic hallucination 

(hip na gah jik)

Definition
A symptom of nacrolepsy; vivid dreams that occur just before a person falls asleep; accompanied by sleep paralysis.
Term
Orexin
Definition
A peptide, also known as hypocretin, produced by neurons whose cell bodies are located in the hypothalamus; their destruction causes narcolepsy.
Term
REM sleep behavior disorder
Definition
A neurological disorder in which the person does not become paralyzed during REM sleep and thus acts out dreams.
Term
sleep-related eating disorder
Definition
A disorder in which the person leaves his or her bed and seeks out and eats food while sleepwalking, usually without a memory for the episode the next day.
Term
fatal familial insomnia
Definition
A fatal inherited disorder characterized by progressive insomnia.
Term
rebound phenomenon
Definition
The increased frequency or intensity of a phenomenon after it has been temporarily suppressed; for example, the increase in REM sleep seen after a period of REM sleep deprivation.
Term

adenosine 

(den oh seen)

Definition
A neuromodulater that is released by neurons engaging in high levels of metabolic activity, may play a primary role in the initiation of sleep.
Term

locus coeruleus 

(sa roo lee us)

Definition
A dark-colored group of noradrenergic cell bodies located in the pons near the rostral end of the floor of the fourth ventricle; involved in arousal and vigilance.
Term

raphe nueclei 

(ruh fay)

Definition
A group of nuclei located in the reticular formation of the medulla, pons, and midbrain, situated along ghe midline; contain serotonergic neurons.
Term
tuberomammillary necleus (TMN)
Definition
A nucleus in the ventral posterior hypothalamus, just rostral to the mammillary bodies; contains histaminergic neurons involved in cortical activation and behavioral arousal.
Term
ventrolateral preoptic area (vlPOA)
Definition
A group of GABAergic neurons in the preoptic are whose activity suppresses alertness and behavioral arousal and promotes sleep.
Term
sublaterodorsal nucleus (SLD)
Definition
A region of the dorsal pons, just ventral to teh locus coeruleus, that forms the REM-ON portion of the REM sleep flip-flop.
Term

ventrolateral periaqueductal gray matter 

(vlPAG)

Definition
A region of the dorsal midbrain that forms the REM-OFF portionof the REM sleep flip-flop.
Term

circadian rhythm 

(sur kay dee un or sur ka dee un)

Definition
A daily rhythmical change in behavior or physiological process.
Term

zeitgeber 

(tsite gay ber)

Definition
A stimulus (usually the light of dawn) that resets the biological clock that is responsible for circadian rhythms.
Term

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

(soo pra ky az mat ik)

Definition
A nucleus situated atop the optic chasm. It contains a biological clock that is responsible for organizing many of the body's circadian rhythms.
Term

melanopsin 

(mell a nop sin)

Definition
A photopigment present in ganglion cells in the retina whose axons transmit information to the SCN, the thalamus, and the olivary pretectal nuclei.
Term
advanced sleep phase syndrome
Definition
A 4-hour advance in rhythms of sleep and temperature cycles, apparently caused by a mutation of a gene (per2) involved in the rhythmicity of neurons of the SCN.
Term
delayed sleep phase syndrome
Definition
A 4-hour delay in rhythms of sleep and temperature cycles, possibly caused by a mutation of a gene (per3) involved in teh rhythmicity of neurons of the SCN.
Term

pineal galnd 

(py mee ul)

Definition
A gland attached to the dorsal tectum; produces melatonin and plays a role in circadian and seasonal rhythms.
Term

melatonin 

(mell a tone in)

Definition
A hormone secreted during the night by the pineal body; plays a role in circadian and seasonaly rhythms.
Term
sexually dimorphic behavior
Definition
A behavior that has different forms or that occurs with different probabilities or under different circumstances in males and females.
Term

gamete 

(gamm eet)

Definition
A mature reproductive cell; a sperm or ovum.
Term
sex chromosome
Definition
The X and Y chromosomes, which determine an organism's gender. Normally, XX individuals are female, and XY individuals are male.
Term

gonad 

(rhymes with moan ad)

Definition
An ovary or testis.
Term
Sry
Definition
The gene on the Y chromosome whose product instructs the undifferentiated fetal gonads to develop into testes.
Term
organizational effect (of hormone)
Definition
The effect of a hormone on tissue differentiation and development.
Term

activational effect 

(of hormone)

Definition
The effect of a hormone that occurs in the fully developed organism; may depend on the organism's prior exposure to the organizational effects of hormones.
Term
Müllerian system
Definition
The embryonic precursors of the female internal sex organs.
Term
Wolfian system
Definition
The embryonic precursors of the male internal sex organs.
Term
anti-Müllerian hormone
Definition
A peptide secreted by the fetal testes that inhibits the development of the Müllerian system, which would other- wise become the female internal sex organs.
Term
defeminizing effect 
Definition
An effect of a hormone present early in development that reduces or prevents the later development of anatomical or behavioral characteristics typical of females.
Term

androgen 

(an dro jen)

Definition
A male sex steroid hormone. Testosterone is the principal mammalian androgen.
Term
masculinizing effect
Definition
An effect of a hormone present early in development that promotes the later development of anatomical or behavioral characteristics typical of males.
Term

testosterone 

(tess tahss ter own)

Definition
The principal androgen found in males.
Term

dihydrotestosterone 

(dy hy dro tess tahss ter own)

Definition
An androgen, produced from testosterone through the action of an enzyme.
Term
androgen insensitivity syndrome
Definition
A condition caused by a congenital lack of functioning androgen receptors; in a person with XY sex chromosomes, causes the development of female with testes but no internal sex organs.
Term
persistent Müllerian duct syndrome
Definition
A condition caused by a congenital lack of anti-Mullerian hormone or receptors for this hormone; in a male, causes development of both male and female internal sex organs.
Term
Turner's syndrome
Definition
The presence of only one sex chromosome (an X chromosome); characterized by lack of ovaries but otherwise normal female sex organs and genitalia.
Term

gonadotropin-releasing hormone 

(go nad oh trow pin)

Definition
A hypothalamic hormone that stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete gonadotropic hormone.
Term
gonadotropic hormone
Definition
A hormone of the anerior pitutitary gland that has a stimulating effect on cells of the gonads.
Term
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Definition
The hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that causes development of an ovarian follicle and the maturation of an ovum.
Term

luteinizing hormone (LH)

(lew tee a nize ing)

Definition
A hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that causes ovulation and development of the ovarian follicle into a corpus luteum.
Term

estradiol 

(ess tra dye ahl)

Definition
The principal estrogen of many mamals including humans.
Term

estrogen 

(ess trow jen)

Definition
A class of sex hormones that cause maturation of female genitalia, growth of breast tissue, and development of other physical features characteristic of females.
Term

menstrual cycle 

(men strew al)

Definition
The female reproductive cycle of most primates, including humans; characterized by growth of the lining of the uterus, ovulation, development of a corpus luteum, and (if pregnancy does not occur) menstruation.
Term
estrous cycle
Definition
The female reproductive cycle of mammals other than primates.
Term
ovarian follicle
Definition
A cluster of epithelial cells surrounding an oocyte, which develops into an ovum.
Term

corpus luteum 

(lew tee um)

Definition
A cluster of cells that develops from the ovarian follicle after ovulation; secretes estradiol and progesterone.
Term

progesterone 

(pro jess ter own)

Definition
A steriod hormone produced by the ovary that maintains the endometrial lining of the uterus during the later part of the menstrual cycle and during pregnancy; along with estradiol it promotes receptivity in female mammals with estrous cycles.
Term

refractory period 

(ree frak to ree)

Definition
A period of time after a particular action (for example, an ejaculation by a male) during which that action cannot occur again.
Term
Coolidge effect
Definition
The restorative effect of introducing a new female sex partner to a male that has apparently become "exhausted" by sexual activity.
Term
lordosis
Definition
A spinal sexual reflex seen in many four-legged female mammals; arching of the back in response to approach of a male or to touching the flanks, wich elevates the hindquarters.
Term

pheromone 

(fair oh moan)

Definition
A chemical released by one animal that affects the behavior or physiology of another animals; usually smelled or tasted.
Term
Lee-Boot effect
Definition
The slowing and eventual cessation of estrous sycles in groups of female animals that are housed together; caused by a pheromone in eh animals urine; first observed in mice.
Term
Whitten effect
Definition
The synchronization of the menstrual or estrous cycles of a group of females, which occurs only in the presence of a pheromone in a male's urine.
Term
Vandenbergh effect
Definition
The earlier onset of puberty seen in female animals that are housed with males; caused by a pheromone in the male's urine; first observed in mice.
Term
Bruce effect
Definition
Termination of pregnancy caused by odor of a pheromone in the urine of a male other than the one that impregnated teh female; first identified in mice.
Term

vomeronasal organ (VNO)

(voah mer oh nay zul)

Definition
A sensory organ that detects the presence of certain chemicals, especially when a liquid is actively sniffed; mediates the effects of some pheromones.
Term
accessory olfactory bulb
Definition
A neural structure located in teh main olfactory bulb that receives information from teh vomeronasal organ.
Term

congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

(hy per play zha)

Definition
A condition characterized by hypersecretion of androgens by the adrenal cortex; in females, causes masculinization of the external genitalia.
Term
medial preoptic area (MPA)
Definition
An area of cell bodies just rostral to the hypothalamus; plays an essential role in male sexual behavior.
Term
sexually dimorphic nucleus (SDN)
Definition
A nucleus in the preoptic area that is much larger in males that in females; first observed in rats; plays a role in male sexual behavior.
Term
periaqueductal gray matter (PAG)
Definition
The refion of the midbrain that surrounds the cerebral aqueduct; plays an essential role in various species-typical behaviors, including female sexual behavior.
Term
nucleus paragigantocellularis (nPGi)
Definition
A nucleus of the medulla that receives input from the medial pre-optic area and contains neurons whose axons form synapses with motor neurons in the spinal cord that participate in sexual reflexes in males.
Term
ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH)
Definition
A large nucleus of the hypothalamus located near teh walls of the third ventricle; plays an exxential role in female sexual behavior.
Term

parturition 

(par tew ri shun)

Definition
The act of giving birth.
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