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| a complex combination of specialized cells, organs, pathways, and processes working together to control the body's major functions |
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| an interdisiplinary field of study directed at understanding the brain and its relation to behavior |
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| the cells in the nervous system that receive and transmit information |
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| cells that carry environmental messages toward the spinal cord and brain |
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| cells that transfer information from one neuron to another. They make no direct contact with the outside world. |
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| cells that carry information away from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands that directly produce behavior |
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| cells that fill in space between neurons, remove waste, or help neurons to communicate effeciently |
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| an insulating material that protects the axon and helps to speed up neural transmission |
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| largely automatic body reactions- such as the knee jerk- that are controlled primarily by spinal cord pathways |
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| the fibers that extend outward from a neuron and receive information from other neurons. |
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| the cell body of a neuron (processing hub) |
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| the long tail-like part of a neuron that serves as the cell's transmitter |
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| the tiny swellings at the end of the axon that contain chemicals important to neural transmission. They release chemicals to communicate with other neurons |
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synapse (synaptic gap)
[image] |
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| the small gap between the terminal buttons of a neuron and the dentrite or cell body of another neuron. |
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| the tiny electrical charge in place between the inside and the outside of the resting neuron. |
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| the all-or-none electrical signal that travels down a neuron's axon |
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| Observe changes in affect, behavior and cognition to those who experience brain damage. It is Limited for at least two reasons: It rarely happens and is difficult to determine exactly what areas were damaged without using other techniques. |
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| had an iron rod go through his prefrontal cortex of brain and lived |
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| Electrically stimulate parts of the brain, observe what happens. Permanent sensors only used with animals. Only used on humans in a surgical setting(no pain sensors in the brain, can be conscious). |
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| Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) |
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| temporarily shuts down particular portions of the brain and can be used on humans |
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| Electroencephalograph (EEG) |
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| A device used to monitor the gross electrical activity of the brain. Electrodes are attached to the skull monitor electrical brain activity. The activity is registered as vertical lines. |
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| Computerized Tomography Scan (CT Scan) |
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| The use of highly focused beams of X-rays to construct detailed anatomical maps of the living brain. 3-D imaging. Uses highly-focused X-rays to see how much they change as they pass through the body at various angles and orientations. Typical uses: Detect tumors & injuries. Less typical use: Detect physical sources of psychological disorders |
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| Positron Emission Tomography (PET) |
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| A method for measuring how radioactive substances are absorbed in the brain; it can be used to detect how specific tasks activate different areas of the living brain. Inert radioactive material injected into the bloodstream, activated areas of the brain use more blood, patient engages in a task, scan determines which areas are working. |
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| Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI; “magnet”) |
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| A device that uses magnetic fields and radio-wave pulses to construct detailed, 3D images to map changes in blood oxygen use as a function of task activity. very useful tool for all sorts of purposes. E.g., Spotting brain damage, tumor growth, general abnormalities |
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| Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) |
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| Maps changes in blood oxygen as the patient thinks or behaves. Very powerful tool; lots of cool potential uses/implications |
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| a primitive part pf the brain that sits at the juncture point where the brain and spinal cord merge. Structures in the hindbrain, including the medulla, pons, and reticular formation, act as the basic life-support systems for the body. No creative thoughts or complex emotions originate here. Regulates processes necessary for survival: HR, BP, reflexes, arousal, sleep, coordination and movement. |
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| a hindbrain structure at the base of the brain that is involved in the coordination of complex motor skills. |
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| the middle portion of the brain, containing structures as the tectum, superior colliculus, and inferior colliculus; stations and may help coordinate reactions to sensory events. |
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| the outer portion of the brain, including the cerebral cortex and the structures of the limbic system. |
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| the outer layer of the brain, considered to be the seat of higher mental processes. the wrinkly part. |
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| a system of structures thought to be involved in motivational and emotional behaviors (the amygdala) and memory (the hippocampus). Inter-related pieces involved in emotion and motivation. |
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| associated with the control of heart rate, breathing, and certain reflexes...in hindbrain |
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| control of general arousal, sleep, and some movement of the head... in hindbrain |
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| involved in preparation, selection, and coordination of complex motor movement...in hindbrain |
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| relay stations for visual and auditory information...in midbrain |
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| group of neurons that release the neurotransmitter dopamine...in midbrain |
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| initial gathering point for sensory input; information combined and relayed here...in forebrain |
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| helps regulate eating, drinking, body temperature, and sexual behavior... in forebrain |
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| important to the formation of memories...in forebrain |
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| linked to fear, aggression, and defensive behaviors, picks up important things in the environment...in forebrain |
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| the seat of higher mental processes, including sense of self and the ability to reason and solve problems...in forebrain |
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| one of the four anatomical regions of each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex, located on the top front of the brain; it contains the motor cortex and may be involved in higher-level thought processes. Home of most higher-order cognition, motor cortex, sensory-motor cortex, personality, social prowess, speech production & recognition. Used to remove the prefrontal lobe (prefrontal lobotomy) in patients with sever psychological disorders. |
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| Appropriate regions of the frontal lobe light up when we think about, or see others, engage in behaviors |
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| one of four anatomical regions of each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex, located roughly on the top middle portion of the brain; it contains the stomatosensory cortex, which controls the sense of touch. (sensation center) |
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| one of four anatomical regions of each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex, located roughly on the sides of the brain; it's involved in certain aspects of speech and language perception. (communication center) |
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| one of four anatomical regions of each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex, located at the back of the brain; visual processing is controlled there. (visual processing center) |
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| Left Hemisphere of the brain |
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| Controls movement of the right side of the body/ Verbal tasks (reading & writing) |
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| right hemisphere of the brain |
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| Controls movement of the left side of the body/ Spatial tasks, emotional processing, judging temporal durations |
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