Term
|
Definition
| Open ocean region, depth of 0-200m |
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Term
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Definition
| Open ocean, depth of 200-1000m |
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Term
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Definition
| Open ocean, depth of 1000-4000m |
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Term
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Definition
| Open ocean, depth of 4000-6000m |
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Term
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Definition
| Open ocean, depth of 6000-10000m |
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Term
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Definition
| Benthic region above high water line |
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Term
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Definition
| Benthic region between high and low water line |
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Term
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Definition
| Benthic region from low water line to 200m |
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Term
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Definition
| Benthic from 200m to 2000 or 3000m |
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Term
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Definition
| Benthic region from 2000-3000 to 6000m |
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Term
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Definition
| Benthic region below 6000m |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Low salinity surface, dicothermal layer(colder, more saline), warmer more saline Atlantic water, Arctic deep water |
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Term
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Definition
| Surface mixing zone, permanent thermocline, cold deep layer |
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Term
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Definition
| Seasonal thermocline, Permanent thermocline, cold deep water |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| First 4 anions in sea water |
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Definition
| Chloride (Cl-), Sulfate (SO4 2-), Bicarbonate (HCO3-), Bromide (Br-) |
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Term
| First four cations in sea water |
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Definition
| Sodium (Na+), Magnesium (Mg 2+), Calcium (Ca 2+), Potassium (K+) |
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Term
| Oxygen Solubility in sea water |
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Definition
| Increases as: Salinity decreases, pressure increase, temperature decreases |
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Term
| Major carbon form in ocean |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Iz = Io*exp(-kz), k = attenuation coeff |
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Term
| Deepest penetrating light color |
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Definition
| blue, wavelength ~= 463nm |
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Term
|
Definition
| A = e*b*c, e = molar absorbtivity, b = pathlength, c = concentration |
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Term
| Solar radiation used by PS |
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Definition
| 40TW, or .02% of total of 173,000TW |
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Term
| Pressure-depth conversion |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Photosyntheically Active Radiation |
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Term
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Definition
| Region in which light is sufficient to support growth and reproduction of plants |
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Term
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Definition
| Depth at which photosynthesis for a single phytoplankton balances respiration |
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Term
|
Definition
| Region where some fish can see, but not enough light for PS |
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Term
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Definition
| Region where sunlight cannot be detected by any biological system |
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Term
|
Definition
| Line of constant temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| Surface layer of well mixed, even temperature water |
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Term
|
Definition
| Region of rapid density change |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in temperate regions during summer |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Transports nutrients to surface |
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Term
| Percent of world PS done by phytoplankton |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
6 CO_2 + 6H_2O = C_6H_12O_6 + 6O_2
Carbone Dioxide plus water yields glucose and oxygen |
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Term
|
Definition
| Occurs in thylakoid membranes. Includes photosystem I and II |
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Term
|
Definition
| 2 part of light reaction, converts NADP to NADPH |
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Term
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Definition
| 1st part of light reaction, coverts ADP to ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| 'Dark reaction' Occurs in stroma. Uses ATP and NADPH to fix carbon. |
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Term
| Fast Repetition Rate Fluorescence (FRRF) |
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Definition
| Light pulse saturates Chl A, measure fluorescence until it maxes out, get potential PS yield. Only measures PII |
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Term
|
Definition
| Most abundant protein, slow acting, catalyzes fixation of CO_2 in Calvin Benson Cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| Photosynthesis, proxy for photoautroph biomass, taxonomic separation of autotrophs |
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Term
| Chlorophylls general structure |
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Definition
| porphyrin ring with central Mg atom, attached to phytyl chain(a,b,d). |
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Term
|
Definition
| Classification of sizes of plankton |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| .2-2microm, archaea, heterotrophic bacteria, cyanobacteria, tiny flagellates, tiny chlorophytes, ostreococcus |
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Term
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Definition
| 2-20 microm, flagellates, amoeba, small ciliates, most small phytoplankton |
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Term
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Definition
| 20-200 microm, ciliates, diatoms, dinoflagellates |
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Term
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Definition
| 200-2000 microm, copepods, appendicularia |
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Term
|
Definition
| >2000 microm, large copepods, appendicularia, salps, chaetognaths, fish larvae |
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Term
|
Definition
| Siliceous skeleton, move on plasma strands, important in spring blooms, pennate vs centric shape |
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Term
|
Definition
| 'whirling' flagellum, toxic red tides, example: pfisteria piscicida, cellulose skeleton |
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Term
|
Definition
| Pymnesiophytes, coccliths = calcareous scales, <20 microm, chalk in Dover cliffs |
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Term
|
Definition
| Prymnesiophyte, algae bloom in Ross Sea, form gelatinous spheres to inhibit grazing |
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Term
| Major phytoplankton groups |
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Definition
| Cyanobacteria, Eukaryotic picoplankton, Microflagellates (Prymnesiophytes, cryptophytes, prasinophytes, chlorophytes), Diatoms, Dinoflagellates |
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Term
|
Definition
| Silicoflagellates, internal skeleton of spicules, yellow-brown, found in colder waters |
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Term
|
Definition
| Prasinophyte, smallest Eukaryote, 1 chloroplast, 1 mitochondrion, abundant |
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Term
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Definition
| Cyanobacteria, phycoerythrin, Nitrogen fixer, occurs in puffs and tufts |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cyanobacteria, phycoerythrin, <2microm, glows orange under UV light |
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Term
| Prochlorophytes(Prochlorococcus) |
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Definition
| Cyanobacteria, divinyl chl, chl b, .7-1 microm, prokaryote w/ membrane bound chloroplasts, highly abundant, lacks murein in cell walls |
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Term
|
Definition
| Calcium Carbonate skeleton, coccolithophorids, phaeocystis |
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Term
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Definition
| 0_2 produced per unit time, C14 uptake, FRRF, biomass change |
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Term
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Definition
| Based on stoichiometry, only measures PII, not PI, may reach O_2 saturation |
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Term
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Definition
| Best way, measures C14 uptake in Calvin Benson Cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| proxy for PS measurements, grazers?? |
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Term
| Primary Production Nutrients |
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Definition
| NO_3, N_2, NH_3, PO_4, Si(OH)_4, DOM, micronutrients(like iron), non limiting nutrients(HCO_3-, Na+, Cl-, SO_4 -) |
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Term
|
Definition
| linear relationship, euphotic zone to 1% of surface irradiation, this depth = compensation depth. |
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Term
| Platt's Eqn (PS vs. I curve) |
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Definition
| P=Pmax*(1-exp(-alpha*I/Pmax))*exp(-beta*I/Pmax). Alpha changes initial slope, Beta changes max and inhibition |
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Term
| Sverdrup's Critical Depth Theory |
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Definition
| Based on the physics of Light (critical depth) and Mixing (depth of mixed layer, thermocline). |
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Term
| Critical Depth Assumptions |
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Definition
| Abundant well mixed nutrients, constant extinction coeff (k), constant grazing losses |
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Term
|
Definition
| high nutrients from deep winter mixing, shallow mixed depth, North Atlantic |
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Term
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Definition
| more nutrients from summer storms, less grazers, smaller than spring bloom |
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Term
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Definition
| North Atl. - Diatoms first, then Prymnesiophytes and Dinoflagellates |
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Term
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Definition
| subtropical gyre, bloom is deep, perfect line between light and nutrients |
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Term
| Phytoplankton Bloom sizes |
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Definition
| Bloom - larger cells (diatoms, dinoflagellates) b/c grazer response time is longer. |
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Term
|
Definition
| 10^6 in deep sea, 10^8 in coastal waters, totaling 10^30 viruses in ocean |
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Term
|
Definition
| Control bacteria and phytoplankton, release low molec weight compounds as fuel for microbial loop |
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Term
| Viral lysis of Phytoplankton |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| peptidoglycan, different protein synthesis, glycerol-esters for cell membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
| glycerol-ethers for cell membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| Nucleus, membrane bound organelles, more than one chromosome, glycerol esters for cell membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1.1 * 10^-7 volume fraction in water, avg conc of 10^6 cells per mL |
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Term
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Definition
| Ectoenzymes - membrane bound. Exoenzymes - released into environment |
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Term
|
Definition
| + has more peptidoglycan in cell membrane, - has less |
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Term
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Definition
| Thymidine - labeled DNA, measure reproduction. Leucine - protein synthesis, measure biomass increase |
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Term
| Fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH) |
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Definition
| ribosomes with fluorophores tag and make cells (archaea) glow, species specific. |
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Term
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Definition
| thermophiles, acidophiles, halophiles, methane/sulfur/ammonia -philes |
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Term
|
Definition
| At high I, PS falls off b/c light breaks down the components |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| N_2 to NH_4+ to NO_3- and NO_2-, done by cyanobacteria, light inhibited. |
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Term
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Definition
| Production based on nitrate arrived from outside the system |
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Term
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Definition
| Ammonia reincorporated into production in the system |
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Term
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Definition
| new production/total production, uptake rate (nitrate)/uptake rate(ammonia, iron, nitrate). Varies from .5 (coast) to .05 (open ocean). Measured with N15 and C14 |
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Term
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Definition
| High nitrate(nutrient) low chlorophyll. Normally an iron-limited region. |
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Term
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Definition
| graze on phytoplankton and flagellates, usually microplankton |
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Term
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Definition
| Sarcodine, silica shells(spiky), worldwide at all depths |
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Term
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Definition
| top 1000m of ocean, perforated calcium shell, cause pink sand in Bermuda |
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Term
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Definition
| loricate = with shell, aloricate = naked. |
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Term
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Definition
| silicate collar, chitin shell, bacterivores |
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Term
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Definition
| protists (20-200 microm), mixotrophic phytoplankton |
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Term
| phagocytosis, pinocytosis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Flagellates control Bacteria population (and viral lysis) |
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Term
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Definition
| For prokaryotes, less growth with predators, more growth with predators of predators |
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Term
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Definition
| DOM pool, bacteria take up, eaten by HNAN, eaten by ciliates and dinoflagellates, eaten by metazooplankton. Don't forget viruses. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hetertrophic nanoflagellates (2-20 microm) |
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Term
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Definition
| Metazoan zooplankton, Crustacea, 5 nauplii and 5 adult stages. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| P. Chordata C. Thaliacea, mostly clear, large dark spot, form chains |
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Term
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Definition
| P. Mullusca C. Gastropoda, snails, feed with slime net. |
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Term
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Definition
| P. Cnidaria C. Scyphozoa or C. Hydrozoa. stinging cells, often polyps attached together. |
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Term
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Definition
| P. Ctenophora C. Tentaculata |
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Term
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Definition
| P. Chaetognatha, no eyes, sits still in water and detects movement |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Ingestion = growth + respiration + excretion + defecation |
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Term
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Definition
| generally increases with food conc up to saturation |
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Term
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Definition
| 2P = grazing rate * assimilation eff - respiration - molting - mortality |
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Term
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Definition
| group of individuals of one species |
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Term
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Definition
| group of interacting species |
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Term
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Definition
| co-occurring (not necessarily interacting) species |
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Term
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Definition
| total number of species in a habitat |
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Term
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Definition
| relative abundance of species in relation to each other |
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Term
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Definition
| theoretical max number of individuals based on resources |
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Term
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Definition
| species with similar position on food web |
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Term
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Definition
| groups that exploit same type of resources |
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Term
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Definition
| predation (-+), mutualism (++), competition (--), amensalism(-none) |
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Term
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Definition
| small, rapid growth, early maturity, many young, low competition, high mortality, short life span |
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Term
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Definition
| large, slow growth, late maturity, few young, constant population, high competition, low mortality, long lifespan |
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Term
| Fluctuating environments strategies |
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Definition
1.) population densities follow fluctuations by fast growth
2.) organisms accumulate biomass and store compounds |
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Term
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Definition
| Environmental gradients: wave action, dessication, light; in tidal ponds: salinity, temperature, O2, pH |
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Term
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Definition
| Lichens, blue-green algae, Periwinkles |
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Term
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Definition
| Rock crab, limpets, snails,fucus, ulva, blue mussels, oyster, chiton |
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Term
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Definition
| red algae, laminaria, fucus, oyster, sea urchin, sea anemone, leather star, nereocystis |
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Term
|
Definition
| (anemone) feeds on mussels dislodged by starfish |
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Term
|
Definition
| Postelisa, highly wave exposed sites, very short and flexible |
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Term
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Definition
| Phyllospadix, flowering plant, moderately exposed sites |
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Term
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Definition
| plant with gas filled pockets, can tolerate 60-90% water loss |
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Term
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Definition
| Nucella, drills holes into barnacles and mussels |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Littorina, originally from Europe, now in NE US |
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Term
| Balanus balanoides vs. Chthamalus montagui |
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Definition
| Both prey of Nucella, Balanus dominates lower area b/c faster growing larvae, Chthamalus dominates upper area b/c can tolerate less water. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Keystone species, eats all mussels - keeps them in check. If removed, fastest growing mussel, Mytilus Californianus, would dominate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Environments in which organisms define the characteristics of the entire habitat (kelp, coral, sea grasses, mangroves, sargassum) |
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Term
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Definition
| outside 20 deg C isotherm, need hard substrates, highest biomass in subarctic environments, high growth rate(50 cm/day) |
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Term
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Definition
| Macrocystis pyrifera, Ecklonia maxima, Alaria fistulosa, Nereocystis luetkeana, Laminaria pallida, Lessonia flavicans, Laminaria digitata, Egregia menziesii |
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Term
|
Definition
| Occurs during fall and winter w/ high nutrients, using carbohydrates from spring and summer |
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Term
|
Definition
| 90% becomes detritus, hard to digest. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Found on sandy shores, live between sand grains, most are worm shaped, motile, attachment features, hard shell to avoid being crushed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Absorption of substances into body, requires energy, independent of oxygen. Ex: photosynthesis, heterotrophic growth |
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Term
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Definition
| breakdown of more complex organic molecules, release of energy (usually as ATP), type of dissimilation highly dependent on O2 availability |
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Term
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Definition
| Important for biogeochemical processes - methanogenic bacteria produce methane(anoxic) for methanotrophic bacteria(aerobic) |
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Term
|
Definition
| requirements for life met from inorganic compounds |
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Term
|
Definition
| requirements for life met from organic molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| combo of autotrophy and heterotrophy |
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Term
|
Definition
| requires light to fuel chemical reactions |
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Term
|
Definition
| gains energy from oxidizing reduced chemicals, light independent, can be organic or inorganic |
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Term
|
Definition
| requires organic molecules for biosynthtic pathway - heterotrophs |
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Term
|
Definition
| organisms can exist solely on inorganic compounds - autotrophs |
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Term
| Energy yields (not chemoautotrophs) |
|
Definition
Aerobic Respiration - 686 kcal/mol
Nitrate respiration(denitrification) - 649 kcal/mol
Fermentation - 58 kcal/mol
Sulfate respiration - 9.7 kcal/mol |
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|
Term
| Energy yields for chemoautotrophs |
|
Definition
Sulfide oxidation - 190 kcal/mol
NH4+ oxidation(nitrification) - 66 kcal/mol
NO2- oxidation(nitrification) - 18 kcal/mol
Methanogenesis - 8.3 kcal/mol |
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Term
|
Definition
| Moles CO2 produced/ Moles O2 consumed |
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Term
|
Definition
carbohydrates: 1
proteins: varies a bit - alanine >urea = .83, alanine >ammonia =1, ammonia ranges from .94-.99
lipids = .72 |
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Term
| Anaerobic Photoautotrohpy |
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Definition
| Purple sulfur bacteria - use H2S instead of water as proton and electron donor, found in hot springs, stagnant water, sulfuretum |
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Term
| Anoxigenic aerobic phototrophs |
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Definition
| Use bacteriochlorophyll (BChl a), don't produce oxygen, responsible for 5% of photosynthesis in water column |
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Term
| methanogens (methane producers) |
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Definition
| Most are archaea and anaerobic. Gives very low energy yield, found in microenvironments in water column, associated with degrading phytoplankton |
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Term
|
Definition
| Aerobic, use oxygen in small doses only to produce free sulfur, live in boundary between anoxic/oxigenated regions - hot vent bacteria, produces carbohydrate |
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Term
|
Definition
| remove ammonia, 2 steps in nitrification, found in upwelling areas. Ammonia > hydroxylamine > nitrite. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Nitrite oxidizing bacteria - turn nitrite into nitrate |
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Term
|
Definition
| Aerobic, found on methanol, methylamine, formate |
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Term
|
Definition
| aerobic, found near CH4, often in conjunction with methane producers. |
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Term
|
Definition
| anaerobic, uses NO3 instead of O2, turns it into dinitrogen gas |
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Term
|
Definition
| (sulfate reduction) anaerobic, uses SO4, thiosulfate, or S instead of O2. Major byproduct = H2S |
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Term
|
Definition
| anaerobic, low energy yield, byproducts (hydrogen, organic acids, ethanol) can slow down fermentation unless removed. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Anaerobic sediment, anaerobic water, aerobic water - Multi colored based on the location of bacteria in the column |
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