Term
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Definition
| Nature's variety, includes: genes, species, communities and ecosystems (note that ecosystems encompasses biotic and abiotic) |
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Definition
| the science of the causes of biodiversity and the means to conserve it |
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Term
| Note: Biodiversity is NOT species diversity, is more than charismatic mega fauna and flora, and is a network of relationships |
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Definition
| species diversity is the # of species and their relative abundance |
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Term
| ESA (Endangered Species Act) |
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Definition
-passed in 1973 by Nixon
-up for re-authorization
-enforced by US fish and wildlife service or NOAA
-section 7, 9, and 10 are most important |
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Term
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Definition
| Prevents FEDERAL agencies from destroying or adversely modifying land or habitat to a species listed as 'critical' |
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Term
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Definition
| Prohibits "taking" a species on private individual land, corporation, or state/local government land |
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Term
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Definition
| harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap, capture |
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Term
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Definition
| Incidental Take Permit- allows someone to take an endangered species if the taking was accidental and if they applicant has an HCP (Habitat Conservation Plan) as well as funding to carry out that HCP |
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Term
| HCP (Habitat Conservation Plan) |
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Definition
-allows incidental taking of an animal (incidental take permit)
-specifies impacts of the taking, steps taken to mitigate taking, funding for mitigation |
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Term
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Definition
| once HCP is approved, owner will not be required to accept new restrictions or commitments in the future |
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Term
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Definition
| Section 9, encourages individual land owners to improve/restore listed species habitat, called "Enhancement of Survival Permit". If improvements attract listed species, owner is exempt from ESA restrictions |
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Term
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Definition
I-the impact of any population of humans
P-population size
A-affluence or per capita consumption
T-environmental cost of technology |
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Term
| Demographic Transition Model |
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Definition
be able to draw
-slow growth in pre-transitional societies due to high death and high birth rates
-rapid growth in transitional societies due to lowering death rate but same birth rate
-birth rates drop
-populations stabilize |
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Term
| fastest rates of world pop growth |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| tNPP (Terrestrial Net Primary Productivity) |
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Definition
| total fixed energy by photosynthesis minus respiration of primary producers on land |
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Term
| developed vs. developing countries |
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Definition
| inhabitants of developed countries have a 7.5 greater impact on the earth |
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Term
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Definition
| measured by ecological footprint, area of productive land and water required to produce resources consumed and assimilate the wastes produced |
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Term
| Land Ethic vs. Consumption Ethic |
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Definition
| if most of us are landless, is a land ethic still relevant |
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Term
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Definition
| rules defining how people should behave towards one another and towards other beings |
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Term
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Definition
| a person's/group's attributes about what is worthy or important |
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Term
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Definition
| regarding human interests as the only or the overriding consideration in ethics |
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Term
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Definition
| regarding all forms of life as worthy or moral respect and consideration and viewing human beings as one species among others |
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Term
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Definition
| ethically evaluating actions or policies in terms of their effects on ecological communities and ecosystems |
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Term
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Definition
| advocates and PRACTICES the sensible use of natural resources |
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Term
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Definition
| advocates allowing land and creatures to exist with minimal human interference |
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Term
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Definition
| concerned about human impact on environmental quality, emphasizes human induced problems and well being |
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Term
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Definition
| A scientist who studies relationship between organisms and their environments |
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Term
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Definition
| A scientist who uses applied disciplines to protect the earth's biological diversity |
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Term
| Romantic-Transcendental Preservation Ethic |
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Definition
John Muir: communion with nature brings people closer to God
-spiritual underpinning |
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Term
| Resource Conservation Ethic |
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Definition
Gifford Pinchot: wise use of resources so future generations wont be shortchanged, greatest good for most people for longest time possible
-economic underpinning |
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Term
| Evolutionary-Ecological Land Ethic |
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Definition
Aldo Leopold: people should manage nature in a manner that recognized the intrinsic value of other species and whole ecosystems
-ecological underpinning |
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Term
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Definition
Arne Naess: humans are part of nature but have no more right to exploit other species as those species have the right to exploit us
-Buddhist underpinning |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic conditions necessary for the survival, reproduction and evolution of species subject to conservation efforts |
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Term
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Definition
| Allelic Richness- # and relative abundance of different alleles at a given locus in a population, A=1: max allelic diversity |
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Term
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Definition
| Heterozygosity, proportion of heterozygous loci in an individual or population. H=100%, all loci are heterozygous, H=0%, all are homozygous |
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Term
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Definition
-any increase in H=an increase in fitness
-H increases with increasing pop size |
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Term
| H necessary for individual fitness and pop viability, A necessary for species evolution |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| collapse of a pop or colonization event (draw!)three stages: crash or sampling, bottleneck, recovery |
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Term
| Consequences of Pop Bottleneck |
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Definition
-loss of H
-Loss of A
-Inbreeding Depression (F) |
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Term
| Loss of H (Pop Bottleneck) |
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Definition
-% H lost in one generation modeled by (1/(2Ne))*100
-even in small pop, most H retained after 1 generation |
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Term
| Loss of A (Pop Bottleneck) |
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Definition
-A lost quicker than H
-rare alleles are especially vulnerable |
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Term
| Inbreeding Depression, F (Pop Bottleneck) |
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Definition
| A decrease in survival and reproduction from mating with closely related individuals (F= (1/2Ne)) as F increases the bigger the depression effects |
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Term
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Definition
-decrease in H allows harmful recessive traits to be expressed
-degree of inbreeding affected by relatedness of mating individuals |
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Term
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Definition
| species develop favorable gene complexes to maintain a specific genome for a specific environment (specialists) |
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Term
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Definition
| a decrease in fitness in mating between individuals of different pop |
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Term
| characteristics of species predisposed to becoming endangered |
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Definition
-naturally rare (golden eagle)
-specialists (pandas)
-Low growth rates (elephants)
-restricted range distribution
-clumped in space (monarch butterflies)
-across international borders
-part of black market |
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