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Definition
| toward the front, top, ahead of |
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| toward the back, bottom, or behind of |
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| in front of, larger, better than, on top of |
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Definition
| behind, smaller, lesser than, underneath |
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| toward the head, the front of the head, ahead of |
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| toward the tail, behind, lower than |
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| toward the back, on top of, exposed from above or from the front |
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Definition
| toward the belly, underneath, protected from above or from behind |
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| toward the side, closer to the sides |
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| toward the middle, closer to the center |
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| viewed from the side at the midline |
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Definition
| viewed from the side somewhere between midline and the outside |
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Definition
| pertaining to the frontal lobes; a view from the front looking back |
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Definition
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Definition
| a view from the top looking down |
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Definition
| at an angle, like the frontal plane, but slanted |
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Definition
| close to the source of origin, closer to the center |
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Definition
| toward the periphery, further away from the center |
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Definition
| on the opposite side as... |
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Definition
| going from the body to the brain (e.g. sensory impulses) |
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Definition
| going from the brain to the body (e.g. motor impulses) |
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Term
| Central Nervous System (CNS) |
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Definition
| the part of the nervous system within the skull and spinal column |
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Term
| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
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Definition
| the part of the nervous system outside of the skull and spine |
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Term
| Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) |
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Definition
| functional connections from the brain to the organ systems |
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Term
| Sympathetic Nervous System |
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Definition
| part of the ANS affecting fight or flight reactions, arousal |
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Term
| Parasympathetic Nervous System |
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Definition
| part of the ANS affecting digestion, healing, growing, etc. Restores the body after Sympathetic Nervous System activation |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the PNS that interacts with the outside (sensory and motor) |
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Term
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Definition
| outer layer of the brain (bark) and the inner portion of the spine consisting of neuron bodies and processes- the processing component of the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| the neuron bodies and processes making up the outer portion of the brain, the subcortical nuclei, and the central portion of the spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
| fatty, electrically insulating substance that surrounds neuron bodies and processes to speed and coordinate neural impulses. Clusters of myelinated axons. |
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Definition
| the bulging gyrations of the cortex consisting of neuron bodies and processes. |
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Term
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Definition
| the clefts between gyri reflecting structural divisions of grey matter. |
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Definition
| one of four, large, distinctly defined portions of the cortex (Frontal, Temporal, Parietal, and Occipital). |
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Term
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Definition
| a very large sulcus, usually dividing lobes from one another. |
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Term
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Definition
| a large blood vessel carrying blood from the heart to the body. |
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Definition
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Definition
| the finest division of the blood (vascular)supply - responsible for nutrient exchange. As small as the diameter of one blood corpuscle. |
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Definition
| a large blood vessel that returns blood from the body to the heart |
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Definition
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Definition
| a complex 'loop' of blood vessels at the base of the brain that distribute blood to, and equalize pressure within, the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| either the neuron cell body, or an identifiable cluster of neuron bodies within the CNS. |
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Term
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Definition
| either the neuron cell body, or an identifiable cluster of neuron bodies within the CNS. |
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Term
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Definition
| an identifiable cluster of neuron bodies within the PNS. |
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Term
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Definition
| a cluster of neuron processes (axons) in the CNS. Usually named from the point of origin to the point of destination (e.g. spino-thalamic tract). |
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Term
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Definition
| a cluster of neuron processes (axons) in the PNS. |
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Term
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Definition
| a tract that runs anterior/posterior in the CNS. |
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Term
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Definition
| a tract that runs laterally in the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| a tract that runs laterally in the CNS, but not always in identifiable bundles |
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Term
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Definition
| small tracts that connect cortical areas to each other (cortex to cortex) |
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Term
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Definition
| large tracts that connect cortex to 'lower' structures. Descending tracts. |
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Term
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Definition
| large tracts exiting the brain or cerebellum into the spine |
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Term
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Definition
| 12 pairs of nerves (considered PNS within the CNS) that serve various sensory, motor, and autonomic regulatory functions. |
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Term
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Definition
| the information processing and communicating structures of the nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
| the information receiving branches of a neuron |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the transition between the soma and the axon acting as the impulse 'trigger' |
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Term
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Definition
| the information transmitting process (fiber) of the neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| branched endings of the axon that connect with other neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| the end of the terminal endings that contain the transmitter substances to communicate with the next neuron, gland , or muscle (called motor end plates) |
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Term
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Definition
| the end of the bouton that begins a synapse |
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Term
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Definition
| a functional, electro-chemical connection between neurons. A functional term more than a structure per se. |
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Term
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Definition
| the receiving portion of the next neuron (usually on a dendrite, soma, or axon of another neuron) |
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Term
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Definition
| small 'ports' that allow passage of ions comprising the neuron impulse |
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Term
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Definition
| specific chemical/membrane areas on the receiving neuron sensitive to transmitter substance that activate or deactivate ion channels. |
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Term
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Definition
| chemicals released from the bouton to activate/inhibit the postsynaptic membrane. |
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Term
| Small Molecule Neurotransmitter |
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Definition
| traditional neurotransmitters that communicate excitation or inhibition to the next neuron |
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Term
| Large Molecule Neurotransmitters |
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Definition
| "new" neuromodulators that alter the receptivity or excitability of a larger area of neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| the shock absorber and waste disposal fluid circulating in the nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| large caverns within the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| gill-like structures in the ventricles that produce cerebrospinal fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| maintenance workers of the neurons and nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| produce myelin in the PNS |
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Term
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Definition
| produce myelin in the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| connect blood supply to neurons. Regulate fluid/electrolyte balances. |
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Term
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Definition
| mobile, defense and clean up cells. Part of the immune system in the nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
| form the lining of ventricles and other fluid-filled spaces |
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Term
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Definition
| a functional separation between the blood supply and brain that prevents most substances, bacteria, etc. from invading the brain |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Located under the scalp and skull, contains layers of tissue that completely surround and envelop the CNS. Contains the Pia Mater, Arachnoid layer, and the Dura Mater. |
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Term
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Definition
| lies directly on the cortex |
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Term
| Arachnoid layer and sub-arachnoid space |
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Definition
| distributes cerebral spinal fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| toughest and outer-most layer |
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Term
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Definition
| Circulates within the subarachnoid space to remove waste and provide solid matrix. |
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Term
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Definition
| Seat of automatic, reflexive functions required for life. Damage here usually kills or produces decerebrate rigidity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Source of many cranial nerves; neurotransmitter synthesis, motor reflex modulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Connects left and right Cerebellar lobes; more cranial nerves. Damage here causes decorticate rigidity. |
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Term
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Definition
| "Relay" station for all somatic senses except smell. Routes signals to appropriate cortex. Some basic perceptual processes, involved in spreading arousal throughout the cortex. Integrates some functions that arise bilaterally. Damage can produce "thalamic syndrome" (initial anesthesia followed by pervasive, emotionally aggravated pain). |
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Term
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Definition
| Seat and master regulator of entire Autonomic Nervous System (sympathetic/parasympathetic). Integrates with pituitary gland to regulate entire endocrine system. Contributes to emotional elements of memory. Contributes to distribution of sleep and arousal to body. Damage can produce numerous "psychological" problems looking like depression, anxiety, OCD, etc. Freud believed this is where the Id was. |
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Term
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Definition
| Primarily involved in fine tuning and modulating pyramidal motor system. Involved with motor learning and elements of motor memory. Involved with emotional expression. Contributes to self-regulation and verification of motor efficacy. Involved in motivation, concentration, and attention. |
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Term
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Definition
| Numerous structures laced throughout entire subcortical areas. Heavily connected to pre-frontal cortex, brain stem structures, and hypothalamus. Involved in regulating level of arousal. Involved in organizing and processing memory. Involved in organizing, processing, and expressing emotions. Responsible for sense and perception of smell. Largely part of a sense of self. |
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Term
| Brain Stem - Cranial Nerves |
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Definition
| The seat of arousal, sleep/wake cycle, and numerous tracts and nuclei. The cranial nerves conduct numerous sensory and motor processes to upper body, head, and internal organs. |
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Term
| What is the order of the cranial nerves? |
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Definition
I - Olfactory
II - Optic
III - Oculomotor
IV - Trochlear
V - Trigeminal
VI - Abducens
VII - Facial
VIII - Acoustic
IX - Glossopharyngeal
X - Vagus
XI - Spinal Accessory
XII - Hypoglossal |
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Definition
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Definition
| moves eyes and accomodates |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| swallows and tastes bitter |
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Term
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Definition
| gut, heart, and lung movement, gagging |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| Designed to provide constant blood supply even if one route is blocked. Input primarily through internal carotid arteries and basilar artery. Anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries stem from main loop. Communicating arteries connect the bunch. Although well designed, this system frequently fails. |
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Term
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Definition
| Specialized cells for receiving processing and transmitting information, which is ionic-electrical in nature, digital signals that excite or inhibit other neurons, glands, muscles, etc. How these work we know, how their activity becomes experience, we do not. |
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Term
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Definition
| Once thought to only feed, protect, and insulate, but lots of new research is revealing actual roles of these cells. They are much smaller than neurons, make up 90% of cells in the brain and make up over 50% of the bulk. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of glial cell that insulates (produces myelin) peripheral neuron axons, and help to reduce the metabolic demand on the axon. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of glial cell that insulates (produces myelin) in the central nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of glial cell, connects blood supply to neurons and connects between two neurons at the synapse and the more active the connection the more nutrients the astrocyte will give the neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of glial cell that is responsible for neuronal defense and cleaning. They are the immune system in the central nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of glial cell that lines the ventricles, etc. provides protection in the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of cortical neuron that are input/output based. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of neuron mostly found in the cerebellum that rapidly processes info and are designed to permanently remember info. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of neuron mostly found in the sensory system, designed to transform/transduce neural signals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of neuron almost always attached to unipolar cells, that accumulates information from unipolar cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of neuron that coordinates between different neurons. (cortical and nuclear) |
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Term
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Definition
| All neurons use ions moving across the membrane to operate, this membrane is semi-permeable to ions. Neurons are constantly active, and constantly reconstructing themselves on the basis of activity. |
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Term
| What sense does not pass through the thalamic nuclei? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does smell pass through? |
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Definition
| It goes directly to the limbic system (amygdala and septal nuclei). |
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Term
| Where does most sensory processing occur? |
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Definition
| In the primary sensory cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| The secondary and tertiary cortexes. |
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Term
| What cortex detects sensation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Attention is what type of process? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of process is perception? |
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Definition
| A comparative/interpretive process. |
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Term
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Definition
| The experience of an intentional attentive process. |
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Term
| What is the difference between high convergence and low convergence? |
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Definition
| Higher convergence is more sensitive, but less acute. Lower convergence is less sensitive, but more acute. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Wiring of motor system occurs when? |
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Definition
| In utero, third trimester |
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Term
| When does the most rapid motor development occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the skeletal muscles |
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Definition
| striated, voluntary, moves us through space. Usually contralaterally organized. |
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Term
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Definition
| sheet-like, involuntary, moves stuff through us. Usually ipsilaterally organized with considerable local stimulation and regulation. |
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Term
| Describe the cardiac muscle |
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Definition
| syncitial, designed for autonomous, synchronous functioning. Innervated by the 10th nerve (vagus), but can work without. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the pyramidal motor system. |
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Definition
| Initiates gross motor activity, not at all nuanced, moves the body through space, operates on Acetylcholine, topographically and contralaterally organized, and damage here produces spasticity or paralysis. |
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Term
| Describe the Upper Motor Neurons. |
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Definition
| In brain and spine. These are initiators, organizers, and modulators. Damage to these produces spasticity, or "spastic paralysis". |
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Term
| Describe Lower Motor Neurons. |
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Definition
| Begin in spine but are primarily peripheral. These are the "enactors", directly connecting to muscles. Damage to these produces "flaccid paralysis". |
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Term
| Describe the extrapyramidal motor system. |
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Definition
| "Smooths" and gives nuance feedback to pyramidal, involved in attitude and temperament, involved in "anticipatory set" and "procedural" memory, damaged by host of agents, damage produces EP signs or Basal Ganglial disorders, primary neurotransmitter Dopamine, and this system does not descend into the spine. |
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Term
| Describe the Cerebellar system. |
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Definition
| Monitors and influences all of the other motor systems. Also involved in most brain functions in some way. Integrates proprioceptive and balance information. Learns extremely fast, learns permanently. Associated with "procedural" memory. Synapses are largely ephaptic. Very sensitive to toxins and anoxia. Recently linked to forms of Autism. |
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Term
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Definition
| Processes/organizes creates cognitive set and cognitive abilities. |
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Term
| What did Luria equate memory with? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| An old conceptual term for a unit of memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| Initial capture of information; all new information requires processing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Organizing and breaking information to fit existing cognitive structure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Biological storage of information - probably synaptic reformation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cognitive retention of information - preserves concepts not details. |
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Term
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Definition
| Restoring information to consciousness. (Feedback validates recall). |
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Term
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Definition
| Sympathetic arousal to new information directs attention and increases information processing. |
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Term
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Definition
| With redundancy, OR wanes; first indication of learning. |
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Term
| Very short term memory (VSTM) |
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Definition
| Neural trace (hippocampal-prefrontal) of new information. Lasts 100ms. Capacity huge, but not very functional. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| For auditory information. |
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Term
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Definition
| A conceptual transition stage for information processing. Rehearsal occurs here to facilitate storage. Rote rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal. Capacity limited to 7 +/- bit of information. Durability only 20-30 seconds s/rehearsal. Information that has primacy/recency, salience, implicit or impose organization, categorization, etc. occur here. |
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Term
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Definition
| Repetition s/ elaboration. This fades. |
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Term
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Definition
| Imposing previous experience on new information to make it meaningful. This sticks. |
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Term
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Definition
| "Permanent" storage of information. Reflects synaptic and organizational changes within brain. Not as Permanent as once thought; information broken into meaningful elements and concepts are stored - details are usually recreated on recall. Episodic (personal), categorical (clustered), semantic, and procedural memories basic types. |
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Term
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Definition
| Preferred to STM and reflects the actual processing of new information; organizing, conceptualization, comparing to existing information to make new information meaningful. Rehearsal occurs here. Mnemonics developed, information elaborated, personalized for relevance to the learner; as such, varies greatly from person to person. |
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Term
| Describe the two-way street of working memory. |
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Definition
| New information reorganized on the basis of old, and old information modified on the basis of new. |
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Term
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Definition
| When existing (old) information interferes with learning new information. |
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Term
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Definition
| When new information interferes with the recall of existing (old) information. |
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Term
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Definition
| Memory can be lost for information before the event. |
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Term
| Anterograde or prograde amnesia |
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Definition
| Memory can be lost for information after the event. |
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Term
| Retrograde amnesia is usually ________ than anterograde. |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A temporary, situation-specific feeling state - subjective and unavailable to others. Activating and directional. |
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Term
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Definition
| A predisposition to respond, pervasive with no specific response reference. Can be independent of situation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Immediate cognitive and visceral activity in response to an eliciting (provocative) event. Automatic and involuntary. |
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Term
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Definition
| Distinct expression of an emotional reaction. Some elements are autonomic, others are volitional. |
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Term
| Who developed Visceral Theory? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Based on introspection and literature references, proposed that when provoked, the gut responds and the perception of this response is emotion. Emotional reactions occur before awareness. ex. "I am afraid because my heart is pounding." |
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Term
| What are some problems with the visceral theory? |
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Definition
| There are frequent disconnections between bodily responses and feelings. The gut is too protopathic, and feelings are specific, nuanced, and change quickly. Quadriplegics, who cannot feel their gut reactions, still have a full range of affect (although the intensity can be muted). Feelings change with experience, gut reactions, however, do not change much, if at all. As perceptions change, so do feelings, this would suggest a "top-down" model. |
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Term
| What did Cannon & Bard introduce? |
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Definition
| Notion of initially visceral homeostasis, and later, cognitive homeostasis and the Thalamic Theory. |
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Term
| What does the Thalamic Theory state? |
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Definition
| The thalamus is at the cross-roads of all sensations (save smell) and thus in the perfect place for this type of integration. |
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Term
| What is the problem with the thalamic theory? |
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Definition
| Smell does not go through the thalamus which is highly linked to emotions. |
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Term
| What is the problem with the thalamic theory? |
|
Definition
| Smell does not go through the thalamus which is highly linked to emotions. |
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Term
| What theory did Papez & Maclean propose? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the Limbic theory propose? |
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Definition
| Limbic system underlies memory and emotionality, it also serves the sense of smell - the most emotionally powerful, emotion-provoking sense. Differences in limbic structures in animals consistent with their temperaments. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Facial re-afference as a component of emotionality. (The idea of "putting on a happy face"). |
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Term
| What model of emotionality did Schacter & Singer find? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the context model? |
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Definition
| Focused on emotional cueing for subjective experience. |
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Term
| What does Pribram say about the "mind"? |
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Definition
| It is not a noun, but a verb (or process) and should be considered as such. |
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Term
| What does Pribram base his integrated theory of emotionality on? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Unexperienced states of imbalance. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The experience of needs which specify goals. |
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Term
|
Definition
| What is needed to fulfill the need. |
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Term
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Definition
| Experiential states that reflect your entire history, positive and negative, in conjunction with your perception of the current situation. They contain information about what you need to do to return to homeostasis. |
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