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Biological basis of Behavior
Brain anatomy, nervous system
28
Psychology
12th Grade
05/06/2010

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Term
biological psychology
Definition
The study of the relationship between the physiological systems in the body and behaviour
Term
neuron
Definition
A nerve cell: a cell that is specialized to conduct nerve impulses
Term
dendrites
Definition
A slender projection of a nerve cell which conducts nerve impulses from the synapse to the body of the cell
Term
Axon
Definition
The long extension from a neuron that transmits outgoing signals to other cells
Term
Myelin sheath
Definition
The coating on some neurons (nerve cells) that that acts as an insulator to speed the conduction of nerve impulses. It is like the insulation on an electrical wire
Term
Action potential
Definition
This happens when a neuron is activated and temporarily reverses the electrical state of its interior membrane from negative to positive (depolarizes). This electrical charge travels along the axon to the neuron's terminal where it triggers or inhibits the release of a neurotransmitter.
Term
acetylcholine
Definition
The first neurotransmitter to be identified. It is one of many neurotransmitters in the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the only neurotransmitter used in the motor division of the somatic nervous system. Found in reduced levels in the brains of Alzheimer's patients.
Term
endorphin
Definition
A neurotransmitter produced in the brain that generates effects like those of morphine. It plays an important role in pain and mood.
Term
central nervous system (CNS)
Definition
This system consists of the brain and spinal cord.
Term
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Definition
The nervous system which links the spine and brain to the skin, muscles, blood vessels and other sensory organs
Term
sensory neurons
Definition
Type of nerve cell that responds to sensory stimuli in the PNS.
Term
interneurons
Definition
A type of nerve cell that connects sensory and motor neurons and interprets an impulse.
Term
motor neurons
Definition
A type of nerve cell that transmits messages away from the CNS to the PNS. They are key to controlling muscles.
Term
somatic nervous system
Definition
This is the part of the peripheral nervous system associated with the voluntary control of body movements .
Term
autonomic nervous system
Definition
Controlled by the brainstem, this system is responsible for vital but involuntary functions(like breathing and circulation)
Term
sympathetic nervous system
Definition
The part of the autonomic nervous system that helps mobilize the body for action. (heart rate increases, breathing rate increases, blood vessels narrows, muscles tighten)
Term
parasympathetic nervous system
Definition
Division of the ANS, primarily aroused in states of rest and relaxation (slows heart rate, increases gland activity, relaxes muscles)
Term
reflex
Definition
An automatic response to a simple stimulus which does not require mental processing.
Term
electroencephalogram (EEG)
Definition
Recording of the brain-wave patterns or electrical impulses of the brain from electrodes placed on the scalp
Term
CT (computed tomography) scan
Definition
A diagnostic technique that uses X-rays and a computer to show sections of the brain
Term
PET (positron emission tomography) scan
Definition
A diagnostic technique which uses low-dose radioactive glucose to measure brain activity
Term
MRl (magnetic resonance imaging)
Definition
A diagnostic imaging technique that uses a magnetic field and radio waves to produce highly detailed images of the brain
Term
brainstem
Definition
The bundle of nerve fibers which is located below the cerebrum and above the spinal cord.
Term
medulla
Definition
The most vital part of the brain because it contains centers controlling breathing and heart functioning
Term
medulla
Definition
The most vital part of the brain because it contains centers controlling breathing and heart functioning
Term
reticular formation
Definition
a part of the brain stem which is crucial to awakeness
Term
thalamus
Definition
a part of the brain stem which is crucial to awakeness
Term
cerebellum
Definition
("little brain" in Latin) Located at the back of the head its primary role is to maintain the balance and coordination of voluntary movement
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