Term
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Definition
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Term
| Cerebellar astrocytomas occur how often in children and what form of treatment is recommended? |
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Definition
| 15-25% of childhood tumors are cerebellar astrocytomas. Chemotherapy is recommended because radiation can lead to fatigue, skin rashes, learning problems, reduction in growth, and decreased appetite |
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Term
| Withdrawal from which substances will cause halluncinations? |
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Definition
| Alcohol, sedatives, hypnotics, and anxiolytics. |
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Term
| Cerebral palsy occurs when |
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Definition
| before, during, or after birth. |
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Term
| What neurotransmitter is most associated with movement? |
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Definition
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Term
| Right hemisphere is associated with while left is associated with |
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Definition
1. perceptual, visuospatial, artistic, musical, intuitive
2. language, rational, analytical, logical, abstract |
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Term
| What are the two branches of the peripheral nervous system? |
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Definition
Somatic (sends and receives sensory information)
Autonomic (contains sympathetic and parasympathetic systems) |
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Term
| Name the four regions of the spinal cord. |
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Definition
1. Cervical (neck) C1-C7
2. Thoracic (chest) T1-T12
3. Lumbar (back) L1-L5
4. Sacral S1 |
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Term
| What are the three main areas of the frontal cortex? |
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Definition
| Prefrontal, Premotor, and Motor |
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Term
| What part of the hypothalmus regulates sleep? |
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Definition
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Term
| What functions do the basal ganglia control? |
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Definition
| Coordination of movement and posture |
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Term
| Degeneration of the caudate nucleus and putamen results in what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Tourette's and OCD are linked to abnormalities in what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Pons and medulla control what? |
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Definition
| sleep, respiration, movement, cardiovascular activity |
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Term
| What elements are on the inside and outside of neuron cell? |
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Definition
| Sodium+ is on outside, Potassium+ is on inside |
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Term
| What does acetycholine control? |
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Definition
| Voluntary movement, memory & cognition |
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Term
| Where is acetylcholine housed, and what disorders are caused by deficiencies? |
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Definition
| Hippocampus, dementia and Alzheimer's |
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Term
| Dopamine is involved with what? |
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Definition
| Thought, movement, and emotion. Also linked to reward system. |
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Term
| Norepinephrine is involved with what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Serotonin is involved with what? |
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Definition
| Mood, sleep, appetite, aggression, sexual activity, and pain perception. |
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Term
| GABA and Glycine are involved with what? What disorders and due to insufficient levels? |
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Definition
| Calming; Anxiety & Seizures |
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Term
| Abnormal glutamate is associated with.. |
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Definition
| schizophrenia, OCD, ASD, depression |
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Term
| What will occur from undersecretion of corticosteroids and what will occur from oversecretion? |
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Definition
| Addison's Disease and Cushing's Disease |
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Term
| How does conduction aphasia differ from Wernicke's? |
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Definition
| They are able to understand language but are unable to speak fluently. |
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Term
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Definition
| Difficulty recalling words or names |
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Term
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Definition
| Able to repeat words but unable to spontaneously say statements |
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Term
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Definition
| Inability to perform voluntary or purposeful movements even though there are no motor or sensory deficits |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of ability to recognize specific sensory information |
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Term
| Dementia is an impairment in memory and |
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Definition
| either apraxia, aphasia, agnosia, or a disturbance in executive functioning |
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Term
| Hallmark abnormalities of Alzheimer's Disease |
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Definition
| amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles |
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Term
| What is the second leading type of dementia? |
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Definition
| Vascular. It occurs in men more than women. |
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Term
| Huntington's disease affects which parts of the brain? |
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Definition
| Basal ganglia, specifically caudate nucleus and putamen |
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Term
| What is a disturbance of consciousness with reduced ability to focus, sustain, or shift attention? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most common amnestic disorder? |
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Definition
| Korsakoff's syndrome caused by a Vitamin B1 deficiency associated with alcohol abuse. |
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Term
| Neurotransmitter for sleep and mood. |
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Definition
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Term
| Partial complex seizures typically originate in |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| pons, medulla, and reticular activating system |
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Term
| Dopamine hypothesis states an excess of dopamine results in |
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Definition
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Term
| People with eating disorders have a deficiency with which neurotransmitter? |
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Definition
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Term
| Low levels of GABA are common with what disorder? |
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Definition
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Term
| A decrease in dopamine is common with which disorder? |
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Definition
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Term
| Parkinson's disease is due to a loss of cells in |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Melzak and Wall's gate control theory |
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Definition
| sensations of pain are not directly related to pain receptors, mediated by neural gates in the spinal cord that allow signals to go to brain. |
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Term
| Centralization of Pain Theory |
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Definition
| Sensitization to pain occurs when brain is exposed to repeated pain signals |
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Term
| What model is recommended for chronic pain management? |
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Definition
| Time-contingent to reduce addiction |
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Term
| What are the four stages of NREM sleep? |
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Definition
Stage 1: theta waves, lightest stage of sleep
Stage 2: rapid rhythmic waves (sleep spindles)
Stage 3 and 4: delta waves, stage four is deep sleep. |
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Term
| As people age, the amount of time in REM sleep |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the two types of seizures? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two type of generalized seizures? |
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Definition
| Tonic Clonic (grand mal), absence (petit mal) |
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Term
| Electroconvulsive therapy helps what percentage of people who are resistant to medication? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Perceptual condition of mixed sensations |
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Term
| What are the three stages of General Adaptation Syndrome? |
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Definition
| Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion |
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Term
| Antipsychotic medications are domapine __ |
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Definition
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Term
| What leads to a better treatment outcome of schizophrenia? |
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Definition
| later age of onset, acute onset, good premorbid functioning, anxiety or other affective symptoms, married status, no family history of schizophrenia. |
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Term
| A patient with chronic leg pain is assessed. Does not have any disorders. What will the physician prescribe? |
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Definition
| Anti-depressant. These help reduce the sensation of pain. |
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Term
| What is the drug of choice for OCD? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of medication is recommended for schizophrenia? |
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Definition
| Antipsychotics. They help with positive symptoms but don't help much with negative. |
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Term
| With mood stabilizers or antidepressants, what other medication is sometimes used for bipolar? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are extrapyramidal symptoms of antipsychotics? |
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Definition
| Dystonia (acue and painful spasms), parkinsonism (shuffling gait, drooling, resting tremor) and akathisia (restless feelings of legs). Not as common with atypical antipsychotics |
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Term
| What is Tardive Dyskinesia (TD)? |
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Definition
| Abnormal movements of lips, tongue, and jaw? Occur frequently with typical antipsychotics. Reversible half of the time. |
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Term
| What is a fatal side effect with clozapine? |
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Definition
| Agranulocytosis (drop in white blood cell count) |
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Term
| How long does it take for antidepressants to work? |
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Definition
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Term
| Antidepressants are used for |
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Definition
| MDD, Bipolar, anxiety disorders, chronic pain disorders, bulimia, premature ejaculation |
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Term
| Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) could cause tyramine-induced hypertensive crisis which causes |
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Definition
| increase in blood pressure from food with high tyramine. |
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Term
| What has the most serious withdrawal symptoms: heroin, crack, Valium, or Dexedrine? |
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Definition
| Valium, because it is a benzodiazepine. Should be withdrawn gradually |
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Term
| Thorazine, Prolixin, Haldol, Trilafon, Serentil are all examples of what? |
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Definition
| First generation antipsychotics |
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Term
| Clozaril, Risperdal, Zyprexa, Invega, Seroquel, Geodon, and Abilify are all examples of what? |
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Definition
| Second generation antipsychotics |
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Term
| Prozac, Serafem, Zoloft, Paxil, Effexor are all examples of what? |
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Definition
| SSRI and SSNI antidepressants |
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Term
| Elavil, Anafranil, Tofranil, ivactil, and Asendin are all examples of what? |
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Definition
| Tricyclic antidepressants |
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Term
| Xanax, Klonopin, Valium, Ativan are all examples of what? |
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Definition
| Anxiolytics bensodiacepines |
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Term
| Restoril and Halcion are examples of what? |
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Definition
| Sedative/Hypnotic benzodiazepines |
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Term
| Buspar is an example of what? |
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Definition
| Non-benzodiazepine anxiolytic |
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Term
| Ambien is an example of what? |
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Definition
| Non-benzodiazepine sedative/hypnotic |
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Term
| Benzodiazepines are separated into what two groups? |
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Definition
| Anxiolytics (anti-anxiety) and sedative/hypnotics |
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Term
| Benzodiazepines are effective for anxiety. Why should they be prescribed for short periods of time? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are issues with using benzodiazepines for sleep? |
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Definition
| Tolerance, dependence, rebound insomnia, disrupt normal REM cycle |
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Term
| What relationship to benzodiazepines have with alcohol? |
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Definition
| They are cross-tolerant. Increase in tolerance for one will lead to increase in tolerance for other. |
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Term
| Tegretol, Neurontin, Depakot, Depakene, Lamictal are all forms of what? |
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Definition
| Anticonvulsant mood stabilizers |
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Term
| What is the most effective drug for bipolar? |
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Definition
| lithium, takes 1-3 weeks to help mania, and 6-8 weeks to help depression. |
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Term
| Lithium and anticonvulsants also help with what? |
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Definition
| schizophrenia, IED, Cyclothymia, Borderline, depression |
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Term
| A diet with a low intake of the amino acid phenylalanine will help infants with |
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Definition
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Term
| Tay-Sachs disease does what? |
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Definition
| Destroys neurons in the brain. |
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Term
| DNA and RNA have been associated with genetics and |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Cognitive impairment that mimics dementia (like depression). |
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Term
| What condition should you not prescribe a tricyclic antidepressant? |
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Definition
| Bipolar, it could trigger a manic episode |
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