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Biological Antrhopology - test 2
Fossils, primates, sickle cell and malaria
65
Anthropology
Undergraduate 4
05/08/2011

Additional Anthropology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Polymorphisms
Definition
characteristics with different phenotypic expressions
Term
A genetic trait is polymorphic if the locus that governs it...
Definition

 

has 2 or more alleles
Term
Balanced Polymorphism 
Definition

Multiple alleles present in a population due to stabilizing selection

 
Term
Human Polymorphisms
Definition
Tool to understand evolutionary processes in modern populations
Term
Sickle Cell and Malaria
Definition

-Balanced Polymorphism

-Endemic in Central Africa

-A mutation of the gene encoding hemoglobin causes red blood cells to collapse into a sickle shape

-Heterozygotes are resistant to severe effects of the disease malaria

-Alterationof habitat for settlement and agriculture

 

Heat and cold stress adaptations

Term
Sex Differences
Definition

-Body Size

-Skeleton, Pelvis

-Soft tissue

-Cranium, Angle of jaw

Term
Anthropometrics
Definition

Measure the pattern and density of "body fat"

 

BMI

 

Body Mass Index

Term
Human variation is the result of...
Definition
adaptions to environmental Conditions
Term
Physiological respense at 2 levels
Definition

Long-term evolutionary changes characterize all individuals within a population or species

 

Short-term, temporary physiological response is called acclimatization

Term
Long-term adaptions to heat evolved in our ancestors:
Definition

Sweat Glands

Body size, shape

Term
Short-term responses to cold:
Definition

-Metabolic rate and Shivering

 

-Narrowing of blood vessels to reduce blood flow from the skin, Vasoconstriction

 

-Increases in metabolic rate to release energy in the form of heat

Term
Bergmanns Rule
Definition

-In mammalian species, body size tends to be greater in colder climates

 

-as Mass increases, the relative amount of surface area

decreases proportionately

 

-Because heat is lost at the surface - increased mass allows for greater heat retention and reduced heat lost

Term
Allens Rule
Definition

-Shorter appendages with high mass-to-surface ratios are adaptive in the cold - effective at preventing heat loss

 

-Longer Appendages with high surface area-to-mass ratios are adaptive in warmer climates - promote heat loss

Term
Factors that produce stress on the human body at higher altitudes
Definition

-Hypoxia (reduced available oxygen)

-Intense solar radiation, cold nights

-Low humidity, wind -> dehydration

Term
Acclimatization
Definition

-Rapid heart beat, breathing

-Increased capacity to carry oxygen

(Hb, capillaries, Lung size)

 

-Tibet, Peru high-altitude adaptation

 

 

Term

Infectious Disease

->

Major selctive pressure

Definition

-Influenced the frequency of alleles affecting the immune system

 

- Before the 20 century -> #1 factor limiting human population

 

-since the 1940's antibiotic use has reduced infectious disease mortality

 -1989-1992 deaths from infectious diseas uo 58%

 

 

Term
Environmental Factors
Definition

-Global warming expanding range of tropical diseases

-Spread of disease associated with encountering people

    Crossing borders and penetrating remote areas

-Overuse of antobiotics

-Increasing Large population

Overcrowding, unsanitary conditions, spread of infectious disease

 

Term
Human Variation is best explained when viewed from a ...
Definition
Biological Perspective
Term
Evolution is..
Definition

A biological Process

 

- Natural Selection

-Gene Flow

-Genetic Drift (founder effects)

-Mutation

Term
Humans live in...
Definition
Cultural Environments continually modified by their activities
Term
Example of Biocultural Evolution
Definition

Lactose Intolerance

-All human populations, infants, young children able to digest milk

-Gene for lactose production "switches off" in adolescense

 

Term
Geographical distribution of lactose tolerance related to
Definition
A history of cultural dependence of fresh milk products
Term

Prosimians

 

60-65 mya

Definition

Tree shrews

 

Lemurs

 

Lorises

 

Tarsiers

Term
New World Monkeys
Definition

Cebids

 

Marmosets ( 35 mya)

Term

Old World Monkeys

 

25 mya

Definition

Baboons and Macaques

 

Colobuses and Langurs

 

Guenons and Mangabeys

Term
Apes
Definition

Gibbons ( 18 mya)

 

Orangatuns (12 mya)

 

Chimpanzees (5-7 mya)

 

Bonobos

 

Gorillas (7-8 mya)

Term
Traits of Primates
Definition

Long Gestation period, slow postnatal growth

 

adapted to arborial lifestyle

 

Dietary plasticity (eat variety of foods)

 

Quality parental investment strategy

 

 

Term
Anatomical Characteristics
Definition

Retention of polydactyly - 5 digits hand and feet

 

Prehensile hands and feet

 

Nails instead of claws

 

Presence of clavicle

 

Vertical body plan

 

Term

Anatomical Characteristics

 

Definition

-De-emphasis on Smell - reduced snout

-Increased reliance on Vision

Color vision- stereoscopy

-Presence of at least Post-orbital bar

Tendency toward brain complexity and expansion (big brain)

 

Term
Primates 4 types of teeth
Definition

Incisors are flat teeth that have a cutting edge, they are good for ripping or tearing

Canines are conical teeth with a pointed edge, they are good for puncturing

Premolars and molars are larger teeth with a crushing surface

tooth comb- lemurs and lorises

Term
Types of Locomotion
Definition

-Vertical Clinging and leaping (VCL)

-Arboreal Climbing

- Brachiation- True, modified and semi

true- flight

modified- uses tail

semi- no flight

- Quadrupedalism

- Bipedalism

 

 

Term

Primate Classification

 

4 main groups

Definition

-Prosimians- all found under the suborder Prosimii

-New World Monkeys - All members of the infraorder Playrrhini

-Old World Monkeys - Member os the superfamily Ceropithecoidea

-Apes - Super Family Hominoidea

 

*humans in Hominoidea

Term
Prosimians
Definition

Tooth comb

 

Grooming claw

 

Postorbital bar (no closure)

Super family 

Lorisformes - Lorises and galagos

Tarsiiformes - Tarsiers

Lemuriformes - lemurs

Term
Lemurs
Definition

-Laterally placed eyes -> Olfaction

-Grooming claw - Specialized nail

-Tooth comb- Modified set of lower incisors

-Generally Climbers

- Have a tail

-Large Lemurs - Diurnal, herbivorious

-Small lemurs - Nocturnal, Insectivorous

 

monogamous family groups

 

Term
Lorises
Definition

-All nocturnal -> eyes

- Small

-Solitary/ Noyau

-Arborial Climbing quadrupedalism

-Tail - short maybe absent

-Diet: insectivorous

supplement with fruit, slugs, small animals

Term
Galagos
Definition

-Nocturnal

-Central Africa

-Leapers

-have tail

-Diet: fruit and insects

 

infraorder Loriformes contains lorises and galagos

Term
Tarsiers
Definition

-Small

-Nocturnal - large eyes

-Grooming claw

-Vertical clinger leapers

-Diet: insects and small vertebrates

-Southeast asia- Indonesia and philippines only

 

only purely carnivorous/insectorous primate

 

Term
Daubentoniidae
Definition

-Madagascar

-Nocturnal

-Specialized Morphology- long,thin digits. 3rd digit. rodent-like front teeth

-Worlds largest Nocturnal primate

-Woodpecker niche

-Diet: grubs, fruit and bamboo shoots

-Critically endangered, bad omen

 

Term
Suborder Anthropoidea
Definition

-"man like"

-2 infraorders

-Platyrrhini (flat nose) - new world monkeys

-Catarrhini (downward facing nose) -old world monkeys, apes and HUMANS

Term
Ceboidea- New World Monkeys
Definition

-Atelidae

-53 species

-Small bodied

-Arboreal quadrupeds

-Diurnal (except Aeotus)

-Tail - (most) truly prehensile

-2133 dentition

-Aeotus only nocturnal monkey

 

 

Term
Ceboidea
Definition

-Central, S. America

-Tropical forest environment

-Mostly Herbivorous

Term
Cebidae
Definition

-Smallest Monkeys

-Most Primitve

Exception- Non-prehensile tail

-twinning

-monogamy

Term
Cercopithecoidea- Old world Monkeys
Definition

-Asia and Africa - 78 species

-Diurnal

-Tails - Non-prehensile

-Arborial and terrestrial quadrupeds

-2123 dentition

Term
Colobinae
Definition

-Colobine Monkeys

-arboreal

-leaf eaters

-polygynous

Term
Cercopithecoidea- Old world Monkeys
Definition

-Cercopithecinae

-baboons, Macaques

semi-terrestrial

Ishial Callosites

Omnivores

Cheek pouches

sexual dimorphism

Polygynous

Term

Hominoidea- Apes and Humans

 

Definition

-African apes

Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes, paniscus)

Gorilla (Gorilla, Gorilla)

-Asian Apes

Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus)

Gibbon (Hylobatidae)

-No tail

-Highly intelligent - depend on learned behavior

*lesser ape

Term
Hominoidea - Gibbon
Definition

-Genus Hylobatidae

-Gibbons and Siamangs

-Little sexual dimorphism

-Monogamous

-Brachiator (suspensory climbing)

-Most arboreal of all apes

-2123 (Y-5)

Term
Orangutan
Definition

Pongo Pygmaeus

Very sexually dimorphic

Mainly arboreal

slow deliberate knuckle walking

2123 (Y-5)

Noyau

Frugivorous

 

Term

Hominoidea-Gorilla

 

Definition

-Gorilla gorilla

-Very sexually dimorphic

-Terrestrial quadruped

-vegetarian

-2123 (Y-5)

-Multimale-multifemale group

-silverback male polygyny

-3 Varieties

-mountain- mt. woodland of central africa

-Lowland- dense forest of W. africa

Term
Hominoidea - Chimpanzee
Definition

-Pan troglodytes, paniscus

-Our closest relative

-Sexual dimorphism

-Frugivores (omnivores)

-2123 (Y-5)

-Multimale-multifemale groups

Term
Hominoidea- Apes and Humans
Definition

-Homo sapiens

-also, humans

-Diurnal

-no tail

-2123 with Y-5 molar

-monogamous

Term
Behavioral Ecology
Definition
The study of behavior from ecological and evolutionary perspectives
Term
Successful behavioral Adaptations
Definition

-Measured in terms of costs, benefits

-Strategies

-Ecologically-contingent

-Resources and reproduction

 

Term
Social Characteristics
Definition

-Competition - M to M, Fm to Fm

 

-Cooperation

Grooming, alarm calls, Food sharing (usually mother to child)

Term
Communication
Definition

-Smell

-Vocal

-Visual

Term
Fossil
Definition
-Physical remains of living organisms (mostly bones or teeth) which have become mineralized.
Term
Trace Fossils
Definition
Foot prints at Laetolis
Term
Paleontology
Definition
The study of fossils
Term
Taphonomy
Definition
Study of the deposition of plant or animal remains and the environmental conditions affecting their preservation
Term
Fossilization
Definition

-Decay is interrupted

-Necessary conditions

-Suitable remains (usually hard tissue)

-Quick Burial

-In depositional environment

-Found

-Destroyed

-Secondary deposition

Term
Bias in the fossil record
Definition

-Innate bias

-Only small % fossilized

-Only small % found

-Some places/times more suitable for fossilization

Term
Provenience
Definition
Precise location of find
Term
Relative dating
Definition
stratigraphy uses layers of the earth
Term
Absolute Dating
Definition

Chronometric

 

-Carbon 14-up to 100 kyo

-k-argon / argon-argon - more than 100kyo

-dendrochronology- tree-ring dating, 8-10kyo

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