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Biological Anthropology
Intro to Biological Anthropology final exam preparation
34
Anthropology
Undergraduate 1
04/21/2013

Additional Anthropology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What are the skeletal changes needed to accomodate bipedalism?
Definition
Reposistioning of the Foramen Magnum, additional S-shaped spinal curves, modified knee, short broad pelvis, angle of the femur, longer legs, and changes in the foot
Term
7 Models or hypothesis to explain bipedalism
Definition

1) Carrying Model -food, tools, children

2) Vigilence Model - elevates the head to spot food and danger

3) Heat Dissipation - upright body helps cool the body

4) Energy effiency - greater endurance

5) Foraging model - able to get food in trees and bushes

6) Display model - appear bigger

7) Walking in trees - opposable toes, use to walk

Term
Difference between apes and hominins
Definition
Apes have larger canines and diastemas with a U-shaped dental arcade.  Hominins generate a flatter face with a reduced prognathism, thicker enamel, and a parabolic dental arcade.
Term
3 generes of primates from the miocene considered to be hominins
Definition

1) Sahelanthropus Tchadensis.  Found in Chad 7.0 - 5.2 mya.  Small teeth, no diastema, flat face

2) Orrinin tugensis.  Found in Kenya 6 mya. Small teeth with thick enamel. Cranial and post cranial.

3) Contains 2 species of Ardipithecus

A) Ardipithecus ramidus 4.4 mya

B) Ardipithecus kadabba 5.8 - 5.2 mya

Term
What is the difference between Australopithecus and Paranthropus?
Definition
Au is more gracile with smaller teeth and jaw, saggital keel,  Paranthropus is more robust with larger teeth and jaw, saggital crest
Term
Compare the difference between Homo and Au
Definition
Larger, more rounded cranium, smaller, less proganthic face, smaller teeth, larger body and shorter arms
Term
Australopithecus
Definition

Southern Ape

Discovered by Raymond Dart

4.1 mya

340 - 500c.c. 

small brain and body

Term
State all the species of Australopithecus
Definition

Au. anamenis 4.2 - 3.9 mya E. Africa Meave Leaky

Au. afarensis 3.9 - 2.9 mya Laetoli. Lucy by Don Johansen

au. bahrelghzali - 3.5 - 3.0 mya in Chad

Au. africanus - 3.5 - 2.0 mya. tuang child is this species. south africa, raymond dart

Au. garhi - 2.5 mya Ethiopia perhaps first tool makers

Au. sediba - 1.97 - 1.70 mya similar to homo

Term
Robust Australopithecus or Genus Paranthropus
Definition

Au. aethiopecus - 2.2 - 2.5 mya E. Africa

Au. boisei - 2.3 - 1.2 mya E Africa

Au. robustus - 2.0 - 1.5 mya S Africa

Term
What is the difference between Homo and Australopithcus
Definition
Larger more rounded cranium, smaller and less prognathic face, smaller teeth, overtime larger body, shorter arms
Term
Homo habilis/ rudolphenis
Definition

1.4 mya East Africa

500 - 775 c.c.

Oldawan tool industry 2" cutting edge

 

Term
Homo erectus/ ergaster
Definition

1.8 mya East Africa

700 - 1200 c.c.

Acheulean tool industy 8" cutting edge

Saggital keel, occipital bun

Java Man - Eugene Dubois 

Term
Comparison of H. ergaster and H. erectus
Definition

H. ergaster - E Africa Thinner cranial bones and less pronounced brow ridges

H. erectus - Asia Thicker cranial bones and more pronounced brow ridges

Term
Homo Georgicus
Definition

Found in Dmanisi 1.7 mya

small cranium

Lumpers classify as H. erectus

Splitters classify as H. georgicus

Term
Why was fire so critical?
Definition

800,000 years ago

Used for heat, protection, social, cooking, and light

Term
Characteristics of modern homo sapiens
Definition

c.c. 1000- 2000

skull is gracile

vertical forehead

slight or absent brow ridges

skull is high

small teeth and jaws

small and flat face

Term
Homo antecessor
Definition

1.0 - 700,000 years ago

Spain 

Occipital bun, low forehead

Term
Homo heidelbergensis
Definition

600,000 years ago

May have been the first to bury their dead

Wooden spears

Europe, West Asia and Africa

Term
Neandertal
Definition

250,000 - 27,000 years ago

Europe and West Asia

large cranial capacity 1450 c.c.

Large nose and teeth

robust and stocky

Mousterian tool industry 40" cutting edge

Term
Homo floresiensis
Definition

75,000 years ago

Flores Island

Hobbit/ dwarf like

slade komodo dragons

 

 

Term
Replacement model (Out of Africa)
Definition

200,000 - 800,000 years ago

anatomically modern h.sapiens originated in Africa, then went out to Asia and Europe and eventually replaced all current exsisting species living ther.

Term
Multi Regional Model
Definition
Species evolved form other species through gene flow. ex. homo erectus to heilbergensis, to homo sapiens
Term
Upper paleolithic
Definition

Anatomically modern homo sapiens in Europe only

120"cutting edge

burials with grave goods

made fire using 2 rocks cauding friction

atlatl

Term
According to the splitters view of hominin taxonomy, which species where in existence?
Definition
Au. sediba, h.habilis, h. rudolphensis, Au, boisei, Au. robustus, Au. aethiopecus, H. hedeilbergensis, H. florensis, H. anteccesor, h. ergaster
Term
Describe the Miocene
Definition

24-5 mya

first fossil apes appeared

proconsul - 18-20 mya - ancestor to all apes and humans

sivapithecus - 15 mya - early genera to living ape

gigantopithecus - 3-5 mya - Southeast Asia - largest primate to live

Term
Describe the Oligocene
Definition

34 - 24 mya

First monkeys appeared

Fayum (Egypt)

Apidium, 2:1:3:3

Aegyptopithecus

New world monkeys rafted over from Africa to S.America through the Atlantic ocean

Term
Describe the Eocene
Definition

55 - 34 mya

Split between strep/ hap

adapiods and omomyoids

Term
Describe the Paleocene
Definition

65 mya

Origin of primates

Purgatorius - likley candidate for primate ancestry

Plesiadipforms - ancestral to later primates

 

Term
Biostratigraphy
Definition

Principle of faunal sucession

Determine the age between sites based on fossils found

Term
Lithostratigraphy
Definition
The study of geological depositsand their formation
Term
Radiometric Dating
Definition
Uses radioactive decay of isotopes to gather age
Term
Potassium Argon Dating
Definition

Requires volcanic sediments

Volcanic sediments contain no argon, but over time potassium turns into argon.  The half life is 1.3 billion

Term
Radio Carbon Dating
Definition

Half life is 5,730

Requires organic material

At the instant of death, carbon begins to decay at a known rate.  They can determine age based on how much carbon is left

 

Term

Geomagnetic polarity time scale

 

Definition
Records the orientation of sediments from different sediments ie. North and South Pole
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