The increase in the size of the body

definition: height

-humans are unique in having a prolonged childhood

-allows learning in association with :

1. High intelligence

2. Large Brain

3. complex social environment

-affected by:

1. genetics

2.health

3.nutrition

-adolescent growth spurt

Definition: difference in stature between males and females

-great apes/humans: males > females

-humans:males are 1.2X females (female growth spurt 2 years earlier)

-gibbons: no sexual dimorphism

-sexual dichromatism

the use of anthropological theory and knowledge in order to solve contemporary social, economic and technological problems

Examples are on sheet

the application of the science of physical anthropology to the legal process. Identifying human remains to assist in the detection of crime.

Role:

-recover human remains

-help law enforcement

-construct a biological profile

-identify trauma

-cause of death: disease or injury that initiates the sequence of events that result in death

-manner of death: the fashion in which the cause of death comes into being

1. homicide

2.suicide

3.accident

4.natural

5.undetermined

-forensic anthropologists do not determine cause or manner of death

definition: biological, gender is cultural

males:large and rugged bones, projecting mastoid, slanted frontal, broad chin

females: small and smooth bones, high rounded frontal, pointed chin

Males: high vertical illium, v shaped subpubic angle, narrow sciatic notch

Females: low flat illium, u shaped subpubic angle, wide sciatic notch

no such thing as biological race

-can only suggest possible ancestry

you need to know age, sex, and ancestry

-results given in a range of +- a few inches

antemortem: from birth to the beginning of the perimortem period

Perimortem: events surrounding death, blunt force trauma, high velocity trauma, sharp force trauma

Postmortem: time frame from the end of the perimortem period to the discovery of the body

can leave marks and traces on bones

examples: syphillis, anemia, tuberculosis, leprosy, tumors, osteporosis, infections, bone infections, arthritis, and dental disease

the natural laws of burial, describing how an organism moves from the biosphere to the lithosphere

-Goals

1.postmortem interval

2.distinguish between human and nonhuman modification of the bone

3. understand selective transport of remains

4.identify variables resulting in differential preservation

5. reconstruct perimortem events and circumstances

the period between the death of an individual and the recovery of the remains

-short range: within 72 hours

-mid range: 3-30 days

-long range: past 30 days til discovery

-personal effects

-fingerprints

-X-Ray comparison

-dental/medical records

-DNA testing on Bone/Teeth

-photograph comparison

-Line search

-Surface Scatter

-Burial

Cenozoic: 65 million years ago - present, part of the Phanerozoic Eon (570 mya-present)- age of mammals

Paleocene epoch: (65 mya- 53mya) origin of most mammalian orders

Eocene epoch: (53 mya-37 mya) origin of primates that look like primates

Oligocene epoch: (37 mya-22.5 mya) origin of higher primate groups

Micene epoch: (22.5 mya-5 mya) divergence of monkeys and apes

Pliocene epoch: (5 mya-2.6 mya) early bipedal human ancestors evolve

Pleistocene epoch: (2.6 mya-10,000 ya) modern humans evolve

Holocene epoch: (10,000 ya- present) history, agriculture, etc.

traits found in very small groups, even only in one group

-more derived characteristics you have the closer you are related

-phenetics: based on overall similarity, when two species vary little

-cladistics: based on derived traits only, when two species vary alot

Page 4 of Study Guide

Lemurs and Lorises

-most primitive primate group

-reliance on scent marking

-nocturnal

-eat insects, fruit, leaves, and bark

-arboreal/ terrestial quadrupedalism

-grooming claws, unfused frontal bone, and tooth comb

-long nostrum

-Lemurs located in Madagascar and live in groups of 25

-Lorises located in Africa and Southeast Asia

Order: Primates

Suborder: Haplorrhine (monkeys, apes, tarsiers, and humans)

Infraorder: Anthropoidea (monkeys, apes, and humans)

Parvorder: Catarrhini (Old world monkeys, apes, humans)

Superfamily: Hominoidea (apes and humans)

Family: Hominidae (great apes and humans)

Subfamily: Homininae (chimps, bonobos, and humans)

Tribe: Hominini

Genus: Homo

Species: Sapiens

-nocturnal, fixed eyes

-eat insects, lizards and small mammals

-vertical clinging and leaping

-unfused mandibular symphysis

-long hands and feet, long tarsal bones

-located in southeast asia

-larger body size

- larger brains

-more mutual grooming

-varied locomotions and diets

-fused mandible at midline

located in South America, Considered New World Monkeys

-broad nose, 3 premolars, no ear tube, prehensile tails (grab limbs and hold on)

-2:1:3:3/2:1:3:3

Africa and Southeast Asia, Old World Monkeys 

-narrow nose, 2 premolars, ear tube, cheek pouches, non-prehensile tails

-2:1:2:3/2:1:2:3

Family that includes Old World Mokeys

Cercopithecines: frugivores/seed eaters, Africa

-narrow interorbital region, broad incisors, shallow jar, low cusps, cheek pouches, similar arms and legs

Colobines: folivores, Asia

-broad interorbital region, narrow incisors, deep jaw, high cusps, complex stomach, short arms and long legs

apes and humans

-largest body size

-no tail

-shortened trunk

-greater cognitive ability

-behavioral complexity

-delayed maturity

-greater infant dependancy

-do not have bilophondont molars like Old World Monkeys, Y-5 instead

can live in various regions, besides antartica

-tropical and subtropical regions

-lone males or females with young

-ex. orangutans

-one female and 2 males

-relatively rare

-mated male and female and offspring

-usually arboreal

-territorial: adults do not tolerate same sex adults

-sexual dimorphism: minimal to none

-least common primate group structure

single male group

-single adult male

-several adult females and offspring

-high sexual dimorphism/ small testes

-ex. baboons and chimps

Males:

-linear hierarchy in competition for mating

-top male is called Alpha, next is Beta

-position can change over time

-top male has priority access to receptive females

Females:

-usually compete for resources

2+ individuals working together

-competition with others

concern for the welfare of others

-basis for matrilineal hierarches

-basic social unit among primates (female and her infants)

-males usually do not directly help in rearing of offspring

-bond begins at birth

study of death, how fossils are formed

-primary context: material originally deposited

-secondary context: material is found

-life assemblage: all the bones in the living community

-death assemblage: animals die in certain places, times, and ages

-depostional assemblage: the remains that get buried

-fossil assemblage: the remains that actually fossilize

-sample assemblage: fossils that we find

-absolute: radio-isotope decay, half-life ratios

-relative: faunal correlation (biostratigraphy)

marks from life activity

-footprints, corprolites

remains of the body of organism

-mineralized remains: teeth, shell, bone

55-34 mya

-North America, Europe, and Asia

-early tarsier like primates

-nocturnal, arboreal, insectivores

-large eyes, short snout, ear tube, large incisors and small canines

-55-34 mya

-North America, Europe, Asia and North Africa

-early lemurs like primates

-arboreal, frugivores, insectivores

-small eyes. long snout

-45-40 mya

-Shanghuang formation, China

-solitary, nocturnal, arboreal

-possible earliest anthropoids

-3 premolars

-small monkey like animals

-primitive teeth, generalized diet

-sexually dimophic, polygyny

-ancestral to platyrhini or sister group

-primitive monkey like animals

-generalized teeth

-2 premolars, fused metopic suture (like catarrhines)

-earliest known catarrhines

-monkey like animals

-primitive, ape like teeth, diverse diets

-strongly dimorphic, polygynous

-primitive catarrhines

-more similar to modern catarrhines than oligopithecids

• Aegyptopithecus: propliopithecid, an early fossil catarrhine that predates the divergence between apes and Old World Monkeys