Advanced understanding of humanity through a comparative approach:

Human culture

HUman biology

Human vs. non human primate

looking at all aspects of human to understand any part

- Drawing on sub-disciplines to answer questions

- Drawing from other fields ( genetics, biology)

-Compare across cultures/individuals/ households

-Find similarities and differences

The great chain of being

(everything is how it should be)

principles of stratigraphy

layers of the earth

not all born survive

competition for survival

natural selection

variations in population

Reproductive success (RS) varies based on fit

prokaryote: one cell

Eukaryote: many cells

Somatic: body cells, and diploid

Gamete: reproductive cells, ova-female, sperm-male, haploid cells

sugar phosphate backbone paired with one of four nitrogen bases

Adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine

A=T

G=C

Contains genes and non-coding regions

2 types: nuclear, and mitochondrial

-in the nucleus

-complex structures that house supercoiled DNA

-Occur in the hemoglobin:

A. 1 from each parent

B. genetic info influences same trait

C. not genetically identical

- two types: autosomes, and sex chromosomes

A. XX female

B. XY Male

Proteins, the building blocks of organic life

number and sequence of amino acids

20 possible amino acids

64 possible 3 letter combinations

Protein synthesis

(four steps)

1.Genetic code is copied (transcripted) in nucleus

2. Transcriped code is transported moved to cytoplasm

3. Translated into acids

4. Folded into proteins

1. Usually single stranded

2. Contains different type of sugar

3. Base Uracil (U) as a substitue thymine (T)

T= DNA ATGC

U= RNA AUGC

The process of reading the meaning of the message from DNA

Like replication but only some portion of DNA is copied from formation of mRNA

1.conversion of mRNA into protein

2. mRNA is read 3 base paris (1 codon) at a time

3. tRNA's arrive at ribosomes carrying specific AA's

4. tRNA matches up with mRNA

5. Forms a protein

gamete production

results in 4 non identical haploid gamete cells

the sequence of bases in a gene is altered

1. may interfere with an organisms ability to produce proteins

2. May lead to new variety within the species

1. one letter off ( sickle cell anemia)

2. causes for slight advanced hemoglobin: super oxygenated, perform better

Form of a gene, homologous chromosomes, one from male and one from female. When both chromosomes come together the allele determines whether it is dominant or recessive

Inheritance of one trait does not affect the inheritance of other traits

1. influcenced by more than one genetic locus

2. influenced by environment

3. many phenotypes can be distinguished (characteristics)

1. Natural Selection

2. Mutation

3. Gene Flow

4. Genetic Drift

random changes in allele frequencies

directly related to population size

small population = big effect

Founder and bottleneck effect

co opted trait

birds feathers where made for warmth. Didnt evolve for flight. So its an exaptation because there was a shift in how the trait was used

stabilizing

disruptive

directional

occurs in species that are closely related

similar characteristics due to recent common ancestory

1. hemoglobin: when its carrying oxygen gives a reddish color to skin

2. Carotene: plant pigment in body that synthesizes to Vitamin A, yellowish color

3. Melanin: absorbs ultraviolet radiation preventing damage to DNA

A. Phelomelanin: red to yellow (lighter skin)

B. Eumelanin: red to black (darker skin)

pigment producing cells

produces melanin

natural selection

gene flow