Term
| Name three descriptors of Natural Selection |
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Definition
| 1. Can either increase or decrease within population variation. 2. Only evolutionary force that had direct adaptive consequences |
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Term
| What is human variation interested in? |
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Definition
| 1. Interested in cultural and biological similarities and differences, within and between group variation. |
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Term
| Describe the Racial or Typographical Approach to human variation (3 things). What does this approach NOT DO? |
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Definition
| 1. Used by most people in their daily exposure to human variation 2. Discussed in the media almost daily 3. Interested in variation between races 4. Does not explain the cause of human variation or why a group is similar or different from other groups |
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Term
| Define the Evolutionary Approach to human variation |
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Definition
| 1. Examines biological variation in terms of evolutionary forces. It is interested in variation within and between groups and explains similarities and differences. |
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Term
| Describe the adaptation aspect of the Evolutionary Approach to Human Variation. |
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Definition
| 1. Populations AND organisms adapt to their environment (temperature, solar radiation, altitude, humidity, disease)2. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. Adaptation - successful interaction of a population with its environment. |
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Term
| Humans, like most organisms, exhibit a plasticity. What is plasticity? |
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Definition
| Plasticity - the capacity to change. In a behavioral context, the ability of animals to modify behaviors in response to differing circumstances. |
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Term
| All organisms must maintain homeostasis. what is homeostasis? |
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Definition
| 1. Homeostasis - a condition of balance, or stability, within a viological system, maintained by the interaction of physiological mechanisms that compensate for changes (both internal and external). |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. Race is a discrete unit 2. Number of races depends on whether you're a lumper or a splitter 3. Race is subjective 4. Classification should work for a number of independent traits. |
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Term
| What idea is racial classification based on? |
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Definition
| Racial classification is based on the idea that there is more variation between groups than within groups |
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Term
| Describe race in America (3 things); define "hypodescent" |
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Definition
1. Traced back to European exploration
2. Europeans considered themselves dominant and superior to natives
3. Race is used to determine place in society and is ascribed at birth
4.Hypodescent: in racially mixed child; child is socially placed in minority group |
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Term
| What are the 4 types of adaptation? |
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Definition
| 1. Cultural 2. Physiological 3. Developmental 4. Genetic |
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Term
| What are the two types of Physiological adaptation? |
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Definition
| 1. Acclimation 2. Acclimitization |
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Term
| Define acclimation (type of physiological adaptation) |
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Definition
| 1. Very short-term response 2. Only takes a few minutes or hours 3. Things like shivering, vasodilation, sweating, vasoconstriction |
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Term
| Define acclimatization (type of physiological adaptation) |
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Definition
| 1. short-term response (as opposed to acclimation which is a very short-term response) 2. Takes from days to months |
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Term
| Describe developmental adaptation |
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Definition
| 1. Long-term physiological response that occurs throughout the development of the population |
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Term
| Describe genetic adaptation |
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Definition
| 1. Directed by natural selection |
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Term
CLIMATE AND MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION:
What did Carl Bergmann talk about? |
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Definition
| 1. Relationship between animals and environmental temperature |
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Term
CLIMATE AND MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION:
What is the relationship between body size and climate? |
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Definition
| 1. Average body size in cold climate populations is larger that body size in warm climate populations |
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Term
CLIMATE AND MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION:
What is thermal adaptation? |
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Definition
| 1. Heat loss associated with Surface Area/Volume 2. Heat production is a function of the total volume. |
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Term
| Discuss solar radiation and skin color. Describe hemoglobin and melanin |
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Definition
1. Influenced by hemoglobin and melanin 2. Hemoglobin - pinkish color 3. Melanin produced by melanocytes in the epidermis
4. Melanin absorbs UV rays |
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Term
| What are the roles, or steps, of forensic anthropology? (10 things) |
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Definition
| 1. Recovery 2. Forensic significance 3. Inventory and MNI 4. Biological profile 5. Positive Identification 6. Time since death 7. Manner of death 8. Postmortem treatment 9. Expert testimony 10. Research |
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Term
| Define population genetics |
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Definition
| 1. Field of genetics that studies the frequency of alleles, genotypes, and phenotypes in populations |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. change in allele frequency over time |
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Term
| What year was Hardy-Weinberg Model of Genetic Equlibrium developed? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the Breeding Population? (3 things) |
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Definition
| 1. Group of actual or potentially interbreeding individuals 2. Difficult to define in humans 3. Cultural, geographical, political, or religious boundaries |
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Term
| What is Allele Frequency? |
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Definition
| 1. Allele frequency is the better description of genetic constitution of population 2. Alleles in population have continuity from generation to generation but genotype does not |
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Term
| What are 6 things that can cause allele frequencies to change? |
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Definition
| 1. EVOLUTION 2. Population size is very small/genetic drift operates 3. Mating systems do not allow random mating 4. Migration 5. Natural selection 5. Mutation |
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Term
| What are 3 ways to describe mutation? |
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Definition
| 1. Source of all new genetic material in a species 2. Must occur in a gamete to have evolutionary change 3. Most detrimental |
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Term
| What are two types of mutation? |
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Definition
| 1. Chromosomal mutation 2. Point mutation |
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Term
| What is chromosomal mutation? |
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Definition
| 1. Monosomy; loss of a chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. Missense/Nonsense - substitution of one base for another 2. Frame shift - addition or deletion of a base |
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Term
| What are 3 ways to describe genetic drift? |
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Definition
| 1. Within populations, variation decreases 2. Between population, variation increases 3. Given enought time and no other evolutionary force, genetic drift will lead to an allele becoming fixed |
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Term
| What is the population bottleneck, which has to do with genetic drift? (3 things) |
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Definition
| 1. Population size is sharply reduced due to catastrophic events 2. Survivors have small sample of past genetic diversity with which to rebuild population 3. Resulting populatoin lacks genetic diversity of original population |
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Term
| What is the Founder Effect with regards to genetic drift? |
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Definition
| 1. Small founding group of individuals colonize a new area and contribute exclusively to the gene pool of the next generation |
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Term
| What are 3 ways to describe gene flow? |
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Definition
| 1. Movement of genes from one population to another 2. Introduces new genes into a population 3. Greatest determinant - geographical distance |
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Term
| Describe how natural selection works (4 things) |
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Definition
| 1. More offspring are born than can possibly survive 2. Individuals vary in their ability to survive and reproduce 3. Part of the variation in the ability to survive and reproduce is hereditable 4. Process in which phenotypes with greater fitness leave, on average, more offspring than do less fit phenotypes |
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Term
| Discuss natural selection with regards to adaptation, including definition of adaptation (5 things) |
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Definition
| 1. Only force of evolution that makes evolutionary change adaptive 2. Adaptation: a process by which organisms achieve a beneficial adjustment to an available environment 3. An organism is adapted when it has traits that allow it to survive in its environment 4. Requires variation of individuals 5. Individuals better adapted to environment have higher fitness |
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Term
| Describe simple traits and how selection against genotypes affects allele frequency |
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Definition
| 1. Selection against recessive homozygote decreases frequency in allele 2. Selection against dominant homozygote increases frequency in allele 3. Selection against heterozygote evens out allele |
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Term
| What are 2 ways to describe complex traits? |
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Definition
| 1. Often controlled by multiple genes 2. Often influenced by the environment |
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Term
| Polygenic traits and pleiotropic traits are two kinds of complex traits. What is the difference between the two? |
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Definition
| 1. Polygenic traits are single traits controlled by multiple genes 2. Pleiotropic traits are multiple traits controlled by a single gene |
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