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Biological Anthropology Test 2
Ch 6-12
208
Anthropology
Undergraduate 3
02/17/2010

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Term
deme
Definition
local, interbreeding population that is defined in terms of its genetic composition (for example, allele frequencies)
Term
subspecies
Definition
group of local populations that share part of the geographic range of a species, and can be differentiated from other subspecies based on one or more phenotypic traits
Term
race
Definition
in biological taxonomy, same thing as a subspecies; when applied to humans, sometimes incorporates both cultural and biological factors
Term
polytypic species
Definition
species that consist of a number of separate breeding populations, each varying in some genetic trait
Term
ethnobiology
Definition
the study of how traditional culture classify objects and orgs in the natural world
Term
Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1752-1840)
Definition
Father of physcial anthropology, estalished one of the first large collections of bio anth material. Identified 5 races- monogenism
Term
enviromentalism
Definition
the view that the environment has great powers to directly shape the anatomy of individual organisms
Term
racism
Definition
a predjudicial belief that members of one ethnic group are superior in some way to those of another
Term
Franz Boas
Definition
Wrote The Mind of Primitive man, which discussed relationship between racial biology and cultural achievment
Term
anthropometry
Definition
the measurement of different aspects of the body, such as stature or skin color
Term
ethnic group
Definition
a human group defined in terms of sociological, cultural, and linguistic traits
Term
Ashley Montagu (1905-1999)
Definition
Said that the racial science of the Nazis was not valid
Term
Cephalic Index
Definition
Characterized the shape of the human skull, invented by Anders Retzius to help form racial categories. Not valid today
Term
population genetics
Definition
the study of genetic variation within and between groups of organisms
Term
microevolution
Definition
the study of evolutionary phenomena that occur within a species
Term
polymorphic
Definition
two or more distinct phenotypes (at the genetic or anatomical levels) that exist within a population. Has to occur more than 1%
Term
cline
Definition
the distribution of a trait or allele across geographical space
Term
maternal-fetal incompatibility
Definition
occurs when the mother produces antibodies against an antigen (for example, a red blood cell surface protein) expressed in the fetus that she does not possess
Term
rhesus (Rh) system
Definition
blood type system that can cause hemolytic anemia of the newborn through maternal-fetal incompatibility if the mother is rh-neg and the child is rh-pos
Term
phylogeny
Definition
an evolutionary tree indicating relatedness and divergence of taxonomic groups
Term
lactose intolerant
Definition
the inability to digest lactose, the sugar found in milk. This was discovered to be a polymorphic trait, because some humans develop the intolerance as they get older and some don't
Term
3 groups of mammals
Definition
1. methatheria 2. prototheria 3. eutheria
Term
metatheria
Definition
mammals that reproduce without a placenta, including marsupials. Ex: kangaroo, koalas, opossums
Term
prototheria
Definition
mammals that reproduce by egg-laying, then nurse young from nipples. ex: Platypus and echidna
Term
eutheria
Definition
mammals that reproduce with a placenta and uterus
Term
strepsirhine
Definition
suborder of the order primates that includes the prosimians, excluding the tarsier
Term
haplorhine
Definition
suborder of the order primates that includes the anthropoids and the tarsier. Humans,monkeys, apes
Term
prosimian
Definition
member of the primate suborder Prosimii that includes the lemurs, lorises, galagos, and tarsiers
Term
anthropoid
Definition
members of the primate suborder Anthropoidea that includes the monkeys, apes, and hominidsd
Term
how to distinguish primates
Definition
Generalized body plan, grasping hands with opposable thumbs or big toes, flattened nails, forward facing eyes with stereoscopic vision, generalized teeth,petrosal bulla, enclosed bony eye orbits in the skull
Term
arboreal hypothesis
Definition
hypoth for the origin of primate adaptation that focuses on the value of grasping hands and stereoscopic vision for life in the trees
Term
visual predation hypoth
Definition
hypoth for the origin of primate adaptation that focuses on the value of grasping hands and stereoscopic vision for catching small prey
Term
dental arcade
Definition
the paraboloic arc that forms the upper or lower row of teeth
Term
Old World Monkeys dental plan
Definition
2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, 3 molars (2123)
Term
petrosal bulla
Definition
the tiny bit of skeleton that covers and protects parts of the inner ear
Term
life history traits of primates
Definition
single offspring, larger brains, extended ontogeny
Term
neocortex
Definition
the part of the brain that controls higher cognitive function; the cerebrum
Term
ontogeny
Definition
the life cycle of an organism from conception to death
Term
nocturnal
Definition
active at night
Term
diurnal
Definition
active during daylight hours
Term
sociality
Definition
group living, a fundamental trait of haplorhine primates
Term
tooth comb
Definition
when incisors protrude from the front of the mouth to form a comblike surface. occurs in Stepsirhine and prosimians
Term
lemurs
Definition
Superfamily Lemuroidea. Only found on Madagascar. Live in diverse social systems, mostly diurnal.
Term
lorises
Definition
Tropial Africa and Asia. Galago (bush baby)used to be included but now in its own family. Both nocturnal, olfactoral, hunt insects, frutis, small animals.
Term
tarsiers
Definition
Haplorhine and prosimian.Nocturnal. Eat small vertebrates and most highly carnivorous of all non-human primates.
Term
platyrrhini
Definition
infraorder of the order primates that is synonymous with the new world monkeys, or ceboids
Term
new world monkeys
Definition
small body size, three premolar teeth, arboreality, flat shaped noses
Term
prehensile tails
Definition
grasping tail possessed by some species of the primate families Cebidae and Atelidae
Term
polyandrous
Definition
mating system in which one female mates with multiple males
Term
catarrhini
Definition
infraorder of the order Primate that includes the Old world monkeys, apes, and hominids.  Have downward-facing nostrils.
Term
old world monkeys
Definition
wider are of habitat than new world monkeys, thickened calluses on their behinds, double-ridged molar teeth, greater size range, greater degree of sexual dimorphism
Term
Colobines
Definition
Subfamily of Cercopithecidae (Old world)from Africa. Semichambered stomach that can digest tough, cellulose-laden foods.
Term
Cercopithecines
Definition
Subfamily of Cercopithecidae (old world)which are from Africa. Have cheek pouches for food storage. Also the females have a period of estrus for sexual dimorphism. Ex: baboons, mangabeys, guenons, drills
Term
estrus
Definition
hormonally influenced period of sexual receptivity in some female mammals, which corresponds to the timing of ovulation
Term
hominoids
Definition
superfamily Hominoidea, increase brain volume, rotating shoulder aparatus, extended ontogeny,
Term
hylobatid
Definition
member of the gibbon or lesser ape family
Term
pongid
Definition
one of the 4 great apes species: gorilla, chimpanzee, bonobo, or orangutan
Term
hominid
Definition
member of our own human family, past or present
Term
brachiation
Definition
mode of arm-hanging and arm-swinging that uses a rotating shoulder to suspend the body of an ape or hominid beneath a branch or to travel between branches
Term
gibbons
Definition
live in tropical asia, indonesia. live in the rainforest canopy, frugivorous, whooping songs to set territorial boundaries, monogamous
Term
frugivorous
Definition
an animal that eats a diet composed mainly of fruit
Term
orangutans
Definition
solitary apes, largely bodied in indonesia and sexually dimorphic, arboreal
Term
gorillas
Definition
largest primates, most in Africa, sexually dimporphic, eat fruits and plants
Term
chimpanzees
Definition
our closest living relative, live along the equator of Africa, fission-fusion groups, eat fruit and meat
Term
bonobos
Definition
sexual dimorphism, Congo River, fruit and some leafy plants, live in large social groups, female coalitions
Term
fission-fusion
Definition
from of mating system seen in chimpanzees, bonobos, and a few other primates in which there are temporary subgroups but no stable, cohesive groups
Term
ecology
Definition
the study of the interrelationships of plants, animals, and physical environment in which they live
Term
folivores
Definition
animals who eat a diet composed of leaves and foliage
Term
secondary compounds
Definition
toxic chemical compounds found in the leaves of many plants which the plants use as a defense against leaf-eating animals
Term
phenology
Definition
the leafing and fruiting cycles of a forest
Term
activity budget
Definition
the pattern of waking, eating, moving, socializing, and sleeping that all nonhuman primates engage in each day
Term
home range
Definition
the spatial area used by a primate group
Term
core area
Definition
the part of a home range that is most intensively used
Term
territory
Definition
the part of a home range that is defined against other members of the same species
Term
Jane Goodall
Definition
first researcher to immerse herself in the lives of the animals 1968
Term
captive study
Definition
primate behavior study conducted in a zoo, laboratory, or other enclosed setting
Term
semi-free ranging
Definition
primate behavior study conducted in a large area that is enclosed or isolated in some way so the population is captive
Term
field study
Definition
primate behavior study conducted in the habitat in which the primate naturally occurs
Term
female philopatry
Definition
primate social system in which females remain and breed in the group of their birth, whereas males emigrate
Term
male philopatry
Definition
primate social system in which males remain and breed in the group of their birth, whereas females emigrate
Term
sexual reciprocity
Definition
willingness and ability of female to mate, also defined as fertility
Term
polygynous
Definition
mating system in which one man is allowed to take more than one wife
Term
social system
Definition
the grouping pattern in which a primate species lives, including its size and composition evolved in response to natural and sexual selection pressures
Term
monogamy
Definition
a mating bond; primates can be socially monogamous but still mate occasionally outside the pair bond
Term
polygyny
Definition
mating system consisting of at least one male and more than one female
Term
polygynadrous
Definition
primate social system consisting of multiple males and multiple females
Term
dominance hierarchy
Definition
ranking of individual primates in group that reflects their ability to displace, intimidate, or defeat group mates in contests
Term
infanticide
Definition
the killing of infants, either by members of the infant's group or by a member of a rival group
Term
fission-fusion polygyny
Definition
type of primate polygyny in which animals travel in foraging parties of varying sizes instead of a cohesive group
Term
polyandry
Definition
mating system in which one female mates with multiple males
Term
paleontology
Definition
the study of extinct orgs, based on their fossilized remains
Term
fossils
Definition
the preserved remnants of once-living things, often buried in the ground
Term
geology
Definition
the study of earth systems
Term
taphonomy
Definition
the study of what happens to the remains of an animal from the time of death to the time of discovery
Term
geologic time scale
Definition
GTS-the categories of time into which earth's history is usually divided by geologists and paleontologists: eras, periods, epochs
Term
The GTS
Definition
Precambrian (eon):Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic(era)
Phanerozoic (eon):Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic (eras)
Term
provenience
Definition
the origin or original source as of a fossil
Term
relative dating techniques
Definition
dating techniques that establish the age of a fossil only in comparison to other materials found above and below it
Term
lithostratigraphy
Definition
the study of geologic deposits and their formation, stratigraphic relationships, and relative time relationships based on their lithologic (rock) properties
Term
tephrostratigraphy
Definition
a form of lithostratigraphy in which the chemical fingerprint of a volcanic ash is used to correlate across regions
Term
biostratigraphy
Definition
relative dating technique using comparison of fossils from different stratigraphic sequences to estimate which layers are older and which are younger
Term
Earth's history span
Definition
4.5 billions years
Term
calibrated relative dating techniques
Definition
techniques that use regular or somewhat regular processes that can be correlated to an absolute chronology to estimate the age of a site
Term
geomagnetic polarity time scale
Definition
GPTS-time scale composed of the sequence of paleomagnetic orientations of strata through time
Term
paleomagnetism
Definition
the magnetic polarity recorded in ancient sediments. Reversed or normal direction is used to correlate with the geomagnetic polarity time scale to infer an age for a site
Term
chronometric dating techniques
Definition
techniques that estimate the age of an object in absolute terms through the use of a natural clock such as radioactive decay or tree ring growth
Term
radiometric dating
Definition
chronometric techniques that use radioactive decay of isotopes to estimate age
Term
isotopes
Definition
variant forms of an element that differ based on their atomic weights and numbers of neutrons in the nucleus. Both stable and unstable (radioactive) isotopes exist in nature
Term
half-life
Definition
the time it takes for half of the original amount of an unstable isotope of an element to decay into more stable forms
Term
parent isotope
Definition
the original radioactive isotope in a sample
Term
daughter isotope (product)
Definition
the isotope that is produced as the result of radioactive decay of the parent isotope
Term
how to get age with half-lives
Definition
# of half-lives x length of half-life=age estimate
Term
potassium-argon (K-Ar)dating
Definition
Radiometric technique using the decay of 40K to 40Ar in potassium-bearing rocks; estimates the age of sediments in which fossils are found
Term
Argon/argon dating
Definition
Radiometric technique modified from K-Ar that measures 40K by proxy using 39Ar.  Allows measurement of smaller samples with less error
Term
Uranium series (U-series) techniques
Definition
radiometric techniques using the decay of uranium to estimate an age for calcium carbonates including flowstones, shells, and teeth
Term
fission track dating
Definition
radiometric technique for dating noncrystalline materials using the decay of 238Ur and counting the tracks that are produced by this fission. Estimates the age of sediments in which fossils are found
Term
Radiocarbon dating
Definition
Radiometric technique of decay of 14C in organic remains such as wood and bone to estimate the time since death of the organism
Term
Electronic trap techniques
Definition
radiometric techniques that measure the accumulation of electrons in traps in the crystal lattice of a specimen
Term
thermoluminescence
Definition
TL-electron trap technique that uses heat to measure the amount of radioactivity accumulated by a specimen such as a stone tool since its last heating
Term
optically stimulated luminescence
Definition
OSL-electron trap technique that uses light to measure the amount of radioactivity accumulated by crystals in sediments (such as sand grains) since burial
Term
electron spin resonance
Definition
ESR-electron trap technique that measures the total amount of radioactivity accumulated by a specimen such as a tooth or bone since burial
Term
paleosol
Definition
ancient soil
Term
phytoliths
Definition
silica bodies produced by some plants, especially grasses, that can be used to indicate the presence of certain types of vegetation at fossil site
Term
plesiadapiforms
Definition
mammalian order or suborder of mammals that may be ancestral to later primates, characterized by some but not all of the primate trends
Term
prognathic face
Definition
projection of the face well in front of the braincase
Term
postorbital bar
Definition
a bony ring encircling that lateral side of the eye but not forming a complete cup around the eye globe
Term
diastema
Definition
gap between anterior teeth
Term
adapoids
Definition
family of mostly Eocene primates, probably ancestral to all strepsirhines
Term
omomyoids
Definition
family of mostly Eocene primates probably ancestral to all haplorhines
Term
The Grand Copure
Definition
(Big cut)-marked cooling and drying of the climate at the end of the Eocene, which resulted in a large-scale faunal turnover
Term
Anthropoids characteristics
Definition
advanced feautreus in the skull and jaws, including a fused frontal bone, a fused lower jaw, and postorbital closure
Term
Parapithecidae
Definition
Groupo of early anthropoids. Predated the split between the new world and old world monkeys, based on its dental plan
Term
oligopithecidae
Definition
quadrepedal monkeys that have the earliest known record of more advanced features such as a fused frontal bone and postorbital closure
Term
propliopithecidae
Definition
largets fayum primates and most advanced, same dental formula as Old World (2:1:2:3)
Term
victoriapithecus
Definition
the first anthropoid primate to live on the ground. probably ate hard fruits and seeds. Ancestor of Old World monkeys
Term
dental apes
Definition
early apes exhibiting y-5 molar patterns but monkey-like postcranial skeletons
Term
Proconsul
Definition
Early dental ape. more monkey like locomotor adaptation, long flexible torso, possibly had a tail.
Term
Morotopithecus bishopi
Definition
Last common ancestor of great apes and hominids. Suspensory shoulder, short and stiff back
Term
Sivapithecus
Definition
Found in the late Miocene. Similar to the Orangutan, except has smoother teeth and is a quadrupedial
Term
Gigantopithecus
Definition
giant molars found at medicine store in China, appeared in the late Miocene. Possibly where the yeti and big foot myths come from
Term
Ouranopithecus
Definition
Miocene in Greece, wide space between eye sockets like a gorilla,
Term
oreopithecus
Definition
found in a coal deposit in italy, biped had weird feet with one big toe in a different direction than the rest of the toes, no living descendants
Term
r-selected
Definition
reproductive strategy in which females have many offspring, interbirth intervals are short, and maternal investment per offspring is low
Term
k-selected
Definition
reproductive strategy in which fewer offspring are produced per female, interbirth intervals are long, and maternal investment is high
Term
molecular phylogeny
Definition
tree of related species based on a gene or protein
Term
molecular clock
Definition
a systematic accumulation of genetic change that can be used to estimate the time of divergence between two groups if relative rates are constant and a calibration point from the fossil record is available
Term
relative rate test
Definition
a means of determining whether molecular evolution has been occurring at a constant rate in two lineages by comparing whether these lineages are equidistant from an outgroup
Term
vertebral column
Definition
the column of bones and cartilaginous disks, that houses the spinal cord and provides structural support and flexibility to the body
Term
cervical vertebrae
Definition
the seven neck vertebrae
Term
thoracic vertebrae
Definition
the 12 vertebrae of the thorax that hold the ribs
Term
lumbar vertebrae
Definition
the five vertebrae of the lower back
Term
sacrum
Definition
the fused vertebrae that form the back of the pelvis
Term
coccyx
Definition
the fused tail vertebrae that are very small in humans and apes
Term
foramen magnum
Definition
hole in the occipital bone through which the spinal cord connects to the brain
Term
nuchal plane
Definition
flattened bony area of the occipital posterior to the foramen magnum to which neck muscles attach
Term
innominate bones (os coxae)
Definition
the pair of bones that compose the lateral parts of the pelvis; each innominate is made up of 3 bones that fuse during adolescence
Term
ischium
Definition
portion of the innominate bone that forms the bony underpinning of the rump
Term
ilium
Definition
the blade of the innominate to which gluteal muscles attach
Term
pubis
Definition
portion of the innominate that forms the anterior part of the birth canal
Term
gluteal muscles
Definition
gluteus maximus, medius, and minimus, the muscles of walking, whcih have undergone radical realignment in habitual bipeds
Term
acetabulum
Definition
the cup-shaped joint formed by the ilium, ischium, and pubis at which the head of the femur attaches to the pelvis
Term
femoral condyles
Definition
the enlarged inferior end of the fmur that forms the top of the knee joint
Term
tarsals
Definition
foot bones that form the ankle and arches of the foot
Term
metatarsals
Definition
5 foot bones that join the tarsals to the toes and form a portion of the longitudinal arch of the foot
Term
phalanges
Definition
bones that form the fingers and toes
Term
technical intelligence
Definition
hominid intelligence and brain size increase is seen as the result of tool use and extractive foraging
Term
Bill McGrew (1992)
Definition
Studied patterns of tool use in chimpanzees. Concluded that cultural traditions best explained the diversity of tool cultures.
Term
ecological intelligence
Definition
hominid intelligence and brain size increase is thought to be a result of benefits of navigating and foraging in a complex tropical forest ecosystem
Term
social intelligence
Definition
hominid intelligence and brain size increase theorized as a result of benefits of being politically or socially clever when living with others; sometimes called Machiavellian intelligence
Term
theory of mind
Definition
ability to place oneself into the mind of others; necessary for possessing an awareness of the knowledge or cognitive ability of others and for imitating or teaching others
Term
homodont
Definition
having teeth that are uniform in form, shape, and function
Term
heterodont
Definition
tooth array in which different teeth have different forms and functions
Term
CP3
Definition
combo of canine and first premolar teeth that forms a self-sharpening apparatus
Term
Australopithecines
Definition
the common name for members of the genus Australopithecus
Term
cranial crests
Definition
bony ridges on the skull to which muscles attach
Term
cranial crests
Definition
bony ridges on teh skull to which muscles attach
Term
megadontia
Definition
englarged teeth
Term
type specimen
Definition
according to the laws of zoological nomenclature, the anatomical reference specimen for the species definition
Term
sagittal crest
Definition
bony crest running lengthwise down the center of the cranium on the parietal bones; for the attachment of the temporalis muscles
Term
compound temporonuchal crest
Definition
bony crest at the back of the skull formed when an enlarged temporalis muscle approaches enlarged neck (nuchal) muscles, present in apes and A. Afarensis
Term
breccia
Definition
cement-like matrix of fossilized rock and bone. Many important South African early humans have been found in breccias
Term
endocast
Definition
a replica (or cast) of the internal surface of the braincase that reflects the impmressions made by the brain on the skull walls. Natural endocasts are formed by the filling of the braincase by sediments.
Term
hard object feeding
Definition
chewing tough, hard-to-break food items such as nuts or fibrous vegetation
Term
muscles of mastication
Definition
the chewing muscles: masseter, temporalis, medial, and lateral pterygoids
Term
postorbital constriction
Definition
the pinching-in of the cranium just behind the orbits where the temporalis muscle sits. Little constriction indicates a large brain and small muscle; great constriction indicates a large muscle
Term
zygomatic arch
Definition
the bony arch formed by the zygomatic (cheek) bone and temporal bone of the skull
Term
osteodontokeratic culture
Definition
a bone, tooth, and horn tool kit envisioned by Raymond Dart s made by Australopithecus
Term
oldowan
Definition
the tool industry characterized by simple, usually unifacial core and flake tools
Term
tool industry
Definition
a particular style or tradition of making stone tools
Term
core
Definition
the raw material source (a river cobble or a large flake) from which flakes are removed
Term
flake
Definition
the stone fragment struct from a core, thought to have been the primary tools of the Oldowan
Term
hammerstone
Definition
a stone used for striking cores to produce flakes or bones to expose marrow
Term
butchering site
Definition
a place where htere is archaeological evidence of the butchering or carcass by hominids. The evidence usually consists of tool cut marks on fossilized animal bones or the presence of the stone tools themselves
Term
quarrying site
Definition
an archaelogical site at which there is evidence that early hominids were obtaining the raw material to make stone tools
Term
home base
Definition
archaelogical term for an area to which early hominids may have brought tools and carcasses and around which their activities were centered
Term
supraorbital torus
Definition
thickened ridge of bone above the eye orbits of the skull, a browridge
Term
angular torus
Definition
a thickened ridge of bone at the posterior inferior angle of the parietal bone
Term
occipital torus
Definition
a thickened horizontal ridge of bone on the occipital bone at the rear of the cranium
Term
sagittal keel
Definition
longitudinal ridge or thickening of bone on the sagittal suture not associated with any muscle attachment
Term
metopic keel
Definition
longitudinal ridge or thickening of bone along the midline of the frontal bone
Term
shovel shaped incisors
Definition
anterior teeth which on their lingual (tounge) surface are concave with 2 raised edges that make them look like tiny shovels
Term
platymeric
Definition
a bone that is flattened from front to back
Term
platycnemic
Definition
a bone that is flattened from side to side
Term
calotte
Definition
the skullcap, or the bones of the cranium exclusive of the face and the base of the cranium
Term
calvaria
Definition
the braincase; includes the bones of the calotte and those that form the base of the cranium but excludes the bones of the face
Term
canine fossa
Definition
an indentation on the maxilla above the root of the canine, an anatomical feature usually associated with modern humans that may be present in some archaic homo species in europe
Term
Acheulean
Definition
stone tool industry of the early and middle Pleistocene characterized by the presence of bifacial hand axes and cleavers. This industry is made by a number of Homo species, including H. erectus and early H. sapiens
Term
Early Stone Age (or Lower Paleolithic)
Definition
the earliest stone tool industries including the oldowan and archeulean industries, called the ESA in Africa and the lower Paleolithic outside Africa
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