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| study of change in proportion of various body parts as a consequence of different growth rates |
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| moving on two legs, characterized by striding motion |
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| time during month when females are sexually receptive |
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| study of primate/human evolution |
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| comparative method of dating the older of two or more fossils or sites, rather than providing a specific date |
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| method of estimating the specific date of fossils or sites |
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| Before Present (1950), internationally accepted form of designating past dates |
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| relative dating method based on fact that older remains are found deeper in the earth because of cumulative buildup of the earth's surface over time |
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| relative dating method, based on accumulation of fluorine in a bone, that tells if two bones fro ma site are of the same age |
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| relative dating method, sites can be assigned an approximate age based on similarity of animal remains to those from other dated sites |
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| average length of time it takes for half of a radioactive substance to decay into another form |
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| chronometric dating method based on the half-life of carbon-14 that can be applied to organic remains, such as charcoal, dating back 50,000 years |
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| chronometric dating method based on the half-life of radioactive potassium that can be used to date volcanic rock older than 100,000 years |
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| variation of potassium-argon dating that can be applied to very small samples of volcanic rock |
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| chronometric dating method based on the fact that trees in dry climates tend to accumulate one growth ring per year |
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| chronometric dating, uses fact that certain heated objects accumulate trapped electrons over time, allows date when the object was initially heated to be determined |
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| chronometric dating, based on number of tracks made across volcanic rock as uranium decays into lead |
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| chronometric, estimates dates from observation of radioactive atoms trapped in calcite crystals present in bones/shells |
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| method of dating sites based on the fact that the earth's magnetic field has shifted back and forth from the north to the south in the past at irregular intervals |
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| species identified from fossil remains based on physical similarities/differences relative to other species |
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| study of what happens to plants/animals after they die |
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| 5.3-1.8mya, numerous hominin species evolved, first Homo |
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| 1.8mya-10kya, Homo evolved, first H. sapiens |
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| measure of interior volume of brain case in cub cm, approximates brain size |
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| Sahelanthropus tchadensis |
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Definition
| early possible hominin species from Africa, 7-6mya, hominin dental traits, possible bipedal |
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| large opening at base of skull where spinal cord enters, more toward center of skull in hominins who are bipedals so skull sits atop spine |
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| early primitive hominin species from Africa, Late Miocene (6mya) |
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| early primitive hominin species from Africa, 5.8-5.2mya |
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| early primitive hominin from Africa, apelike teeth, 5.8-5.2mya |
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| genus of fossil hominin, 4.2-1.4mya, bipedal, small brain, large face, large teeth |
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| Australopithecus anamensis |
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Definition
| hominin, East Africa, 4.2-3.9mya, bipedal, primitive apelike skull/teeth |
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| Australopithecus afarensis |
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Definition
| primitive hominin, East Africa, 3.7-3mya |
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| species of early hominin in East Africa, 3.5-3.2mya, primitive small brain/jutting face and derived small molars/flat face, unclear evolutionary status |
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| species of Australopithecus with large back teeth, cheekbones, faces, heavy chewing, Africa 2.5-1.4mya, include aethiopicus/robustus/boisei, own genus Paranthropus? |
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| cheekbone, formed by connection of zygomatic/temporal bones on side of skull |
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| ridge of bone running down center of top of skull, anchors chewing muscles |
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| Australopithecus aethiopicus |
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Definition
| oldest robust australopith, 2.5mya East Africa, derived features of robust australopiths and primitive features of A. afarensis |
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| Australopithecus robustus |
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| species of robust australopith, 2-1.4mya, South Africa |
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| very robust species of robust australopith, 2.4-1.4mya, East Africa |
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| Australopithecus africanus |
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| species of early hominin, 3.3-2.5mya, South Africa, not as big as robust forms, may be Homo ancestor |
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| early hominin, 2.5mya, East Africa, differs from other Australopiths due to large front/back teeth, back teeth not specialized like robust australopiths |
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| genus of hominins characterized by large brain size and dependence on culture as means of adaptation |
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| early species of Homo, Africa, 1.9-1.4mya, brain half as big as modern humans, primitive postcranial skeleton |
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| oldest known stone tool culture |
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| species of early Homo, Africa, 1.9mya, larger brain size than habilis, larger back teeth/broader face |
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| cast of interior of brain case used in analzying brain size/structure |
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| species of Homo, 1.9mya, African origins then spread to Asia/Europe |
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| narrowness of skull behind eye orbits, characteristics of early hominins and erectus |
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| large ridges of bone above eye orbits, very noticeable in erectus |
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| stone tool culture, Homo erectus, development of hand axes/bifacial tools |
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| method of removing flakes from stone core by striking with softer material (bone/wood) |
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| stone tool with both sides worked, producing greater symmetry/efficiency |
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| species of archaic human with brain size close to modern humans but large/less modern face, Africa/Europe/Asia, 800-200kya |
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| method of making stone tools, stone core prepared so that finished tools can be removed from it by a final blow, prepared-core method |
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| human population in Europe/Middle East 130-28kya, subspecies of sapiens or separate? |
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| protruding rear region of skull, Neanderthals |
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| prepared-core stone tool culture of Neanderthals |
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| anatomically modern humans |
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| modern form of humans, 200kya |
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| very small hominin, Indonesia in recent times, dwarf erectus? |
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| process by which natural selection favors smaller body size on island with limited resources, dwarfed species |
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| stone tool technology of modern humans |
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| stone tool technologies of habilis/erectus |
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| stone tool technologis of heidelbergensis/Neandertals |
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| stone tool in Upper Paleolithic, twice as long as wide |
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| stone tool with sharp edge, cut bone |
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| multiregional evolution model |
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| hypothesis that modern humans evolved throughout Old World as single species after first H. erectus dispersion out of Africa |
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| African replacement model |
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| hypothesis that modern humans evovled as new species in Africa 200kya then spread throughout Old World, replacing preexisting human populations |
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| hypothesis that modern human anatomy arose first in Africa as change within species then spread through gene flow to populations outside of Africa, gnee pool of non-African populations assimilated into expanding population of modern humans out of Africa |
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Definition
| appearance of similar traits within geographic region that remain over long time period |
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| most recent common ancestor |
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Definition
| most recent individual from which a set of organisms are descended, estimated from genetic data, different for different loci |
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