Term
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Definition
| study material remains of human behavior by excavating and analyzing garbage/houses/tools, garbology |
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Term
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Definition
| literature, archaeologists, historical records, archaeological survey, ground penetrating radar |
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Term
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Definition
| sample area in search for sites (systematic), divide based on geological characteristics, walk on transect, sample |
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Definition
| STP, used in archaeological surveys if site is buried to increase site visibility |
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Definition
| electromagnetic signal bounces back to reveal objects |
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Term
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Definition
1. record site location (GPS)
2. identify site limits
3. divide site into grid with units (A1, A2)
4. choose units to dig
5. carefully dig |
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Term
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Definition
1. artifacts: made by people, modified with purpose
2. ecofacts: present as result of human activity (seeds, shells)
3. features: non-portable (wall) |
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Term
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Definition
- layers superimposed (uniformitarianism of Lyell)
- different layers classified by soil makeup
- provenience: identify object location
- sieving: find small objects |
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Term
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Definition
- objects in chronological order without specific dates
- stratigraphic, soil layers in sequence
- law of superposition (closer to surface = younger)
- problems: natural/human alteration (cemetary, rats)
- seriation |
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Term
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Definition
| common statistical pattern of technological/stylistic change, new idea starts infrequent, then increasingly abundant, then decreased due to new idea |
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Term
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Definition
- chronometric techniques, relatively precise dates
- dendrochronology based on tree ring growth, create sequence, need wood preservation
- radiometric dating |
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Term
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Definition
- natural radioactive decay of unstable isotope at constant rate, natural clock
-C14, K/Ar, ESR (electro-spin resonance) |
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Term
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Definition
- unstable in air, makes CO2, used by plants to make carbs
- all living things have equal amounts of c12/c14, upon death c14 decays, more c12 means older
- c14 halflife = 5730 years
- limitations: destructive, >40,000 years old = not enough c14, only few 100 years old = too young, organic material only |
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Term
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Definition
- decay of K into Ar gas, trapped in rock in volcano with lava
- 1.25-31 billion year half life, can date anything older than 100,000 years old
- not used to date artifacts, date sediment above/below fossil |
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Term
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Definition
| study of human remains: demography, mortality, disease, stratification, diet, trauma, DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| study of human evolution: detailed excavation, surface collection, ecofacts/artifacts/fossils/features |
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Term
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Definition
- only hard parts of organisms fossilize (bone)
- watery environment, buried in mud/silt
- better with rapid sedimentation
- soft tissue decays quickly
- soil deposition accumulates on top
- bones/shell decay, replaced by mineral |
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Term
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Definition
- paleospecies vs. chronospecies (lumpers)
- anagenesis (lumpers) vs. cladogenesis (splitters)
- sediment dating
- environment reconstruction: flotation, zooarchaeological analysis, pollen analysis |
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Term
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Definition
- modern: 200,000 years
- genus Homo: 2.5-2 mya
- hominids: 7-4.4 mya |
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Term
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Definition
- 1st hominids from Africa (supports Darwin)
- limited by environment: tropical grassland, S. Africa sites found early
- E. Africa later, volcanic tufts, K/Ar dating |
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Term
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Definition
- earliest derived trait
- infer from skeleton: locked knees, femur @ angle, foramen magnum towards basicranium front |
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Term
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Definition
- savannah open ,spread vegetation, dry/wet season variation, predator threat
- advantages: carry food/tools/kids by hand, increased visibility (food, predators), decreased sun exposure (cool body/brain), energy efficient to walk |
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Term
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Definition
- increased offspring meant increased fertility/pop growth
- more infant care = decreased mom mobility
- monogamous pair bond
- males carry food back for sex
- increased sex = decreased estrus cycle |
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Term
| problems with Lovejoy's model |
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Definition
- sexual behavior/social structure can't be shown in fossil record
- monogamy rare in hominids: H. habilis very dimorphic, male competition, one male/multifemale structure in apes, decreased male/female collaboration
- can't prove overlapping birth/reproductive success rate
- bipedalism does not create monogamy
- mother/infant bond most important |
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Term
| skeletal evidence for bipedalism |
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Definition
- feet: no opposable big toe
- pelvis: narrow mediolateral (side to side), wide anterior-posterior (front to back)
- femur: at an angle
- knees: locked
- spine: curved sacrum |
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Term
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Definition
- appear after bipedalism
- free hands: increased precision grip overtakes power grip
- chimps make tools, but hominids made with more modification/planning/reusing |
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Term
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Definition
- Binford
- immediate response to need
- chimps |
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Term
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Definition
- Binford
- prepared in advance for predicted need, increased material transport |
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Term
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Definition
- stayed small for awhile
- threshold with H. erectus (850 cc)
- developmental importance: harder to birth, longer developmental period postnatal, greater parental investment, more learning
- more brain growth after birth |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- 4.2 mya
- small ape-size brain
- large teeth/face
- apelike head
- bipedal
- foraged for fruit in savanna |
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Term
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Definition
- 2.5 mya
- one line: big back teeth, extinct 1 mya (paranthropus)
- other line: larger brains, small teeth/face, stone tools, human ancestors |
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Term
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Definition
- late Miocene (7.5-5.2 mya)
- Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Orrorin tugenensis, Ardipithecus
- cooling/drying: AR of OWM/apes, extinction of proconsulates (primitive apes), speciation
- evolution in E/S/N Africa
- not human, apelike features, no tools |
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Term
| Sahelanthropus tchadensis |
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Definition
- 7-6 mya
- oldest hominid
- partial cranium found in Chad
- back of skull apelike
- small apelike brain (320-380cc)
- face doesn't protrude
- small canines
- resemble late hominids
- base of skull: bipedal, foramen magnum position, dostorted skull, quadruped/bipedal overlap |
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Term
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Definition
- 6 mya
- Kenya
- remains: teeth, jaw, femur, not enough to piece together skull
- angled femur = bipedal
- thick enamel: ancestral trait
- humerus/fingers show arboreal adaptations
- apelike anterior teeth, large upper incisors/canines, small apelike premolars |
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Term
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Definition
- increased brain size
- decreased face/teeth size
- increased tool use/culture |
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Term
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Definition
- 1st homo genus
- 2.5-1.5 mya
- E/S Africa (Leakeys)
- sites not home bases but "stone caches," left stones there to prepare dead animals
- taphonomy: only skull/limbs eaten with less meat |
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Term
| H. habilis characteristics |
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Definition
- less prognatic face
- brain 680 cc
- increased cranial capacity without increased body size: increased encephalization quotient (brain:body size)
- increased offspring care, large skull through pelvis at birth
- fully bipedal: narrow pelvis, less prenatal brain growth |
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Term
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Definition
- teeth: smaller, modern premolars
- arms: longer, arboreal, decrease in length shows less time in trees
- more cranial capacity/less proganatic than Aust.
- similar to A. afarensis but smaller with long arms |
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Term
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Definition
- 2 species lumped together or large sexual dimorphism?
- splitters: H. habilis (smaller brain/teeth) and H. rudolfensis (bigger brain/teeth) |
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Term
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Definition
- 2.5 mya widespread stone tools, not earliest tool users
- Oldowan tools: simple chopping
- strike flakes off rounded stone to create rough cutting edge, lava/quartz/ cut meat off carcas/marrow
- brought materials from other sites (planning)
- required skill: right materials, stones at correct angle/force, foresee creation
- sharpened sticks (weapons, digging)
- flakes (saw wood, cut meat) |
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Term
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Definition
- smaller pelvis = smaller gut, occurs in food improvement (meat, marrow)
- scavenger, found dead animals |
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Term
| H. habilis overlapping species |
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Definition
| - P. robustus (made most of tools?) |
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Term
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Definition
- discovered by Duvois (1st paleontologist)
- Piltdown assumption kept out of Homo family tree
- smaller brain/human femur shows bipedal first
- 1.8 mya, overlap with habilis til 1.5 mya
- Asian fossils when differentiate with ergaster, not direct ancestor of modern humans |
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Term
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Definition
- first out of Africa to Europe
- artifacts in Siberia 0.5 mya: use of fire, clothing, originated in Africa |
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Term
| H. erectus characteristics |
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Definition
- 1000 cc brain
- lower
- less-protruding face
- strong neck muscles, bony skull ridge
- smaller jaws/teeth, large front teeth, ate meat
- postcranial skeleton: Turkana boy estimated 6 foot adult, similar proportions as human, shortened arms, narrow pelvis |
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Term
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Definition
- more complex stone tools: Achulean
- hunting?
- caves: shelter
- fire: cooking, warmth |
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Term
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Definition
- diversified from Oldowan to Acheulean 1.4 mya
- bifacial, flat, straight, sharp (skill)
- axes popular
- strike with wood/bone
- no Achulean in Asia (developed 1.4 mya after erectus reached Asia 1.7 mya, no materials?), hand axes, small/simple |
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Term
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Definition
- small game, occasionally larger
- 75% calories from gathering
- strength less important, group activity, child care difficult
- food sharing, division of labor |
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Term
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Definition
- African H. erectus
- 1.8-1.4 mya
- similar to modern humans
- >1000 cc brain
- less posterior dentition
- vertically shorter face |
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Term
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Definition
- 2mya-500kya
- Africa -> Asia/Europe, ones that stayed in Africa (ergaster) developed to modern humans
- Asian too specialized, side branch from ergaster
- hard to identify paleospecies: species overlap, allopatric speciation
- avg encephalization 930 cc |
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Term
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Definition
- Atapuerca, Spain
- 780,000 years ago
- primitive brow ridges/premolars
- modern nose/dentition/brain (>1000 cc)
- many Oldowan and Achulean tools
- H. erectus? |
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Term
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Definition
- evolved from ergaster in Africa
- >1300 cc brain
- steep forhead, large frontal lobe, thin skull bones, flat face, rounded brain
- Africa, Europe 1-.8 mya
- ancestral to Nead/modern humans
- Sima de los Huesos shows mix of primitive/modern traits |
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Term
| H. heidelbergensis technology |
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Definition
- Oldowan, Achulean tools
- Levallois technique: prepare core to flatten with bone, hit on top of ridge to flake off, make point into drill
- bifacial, symmetrical, sharp, precise |
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Term
| H. heidelbergensis characteristics |
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Definition
- same size brains as modern humans (1350 cc)
- smaller size
- low skull, sloping forehead, large face/teeth, no chin (different than humans, but neck-down was same)
- hunter-gatherers of large/small game
- Atapuerca 750 kya intermediate form to Nean? |
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Term
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Definition
- Island of Flores
- caves
- 400 cc brain (small)
- like early ergaster/late habilis
- short legs, large arms/feet
- 2 major occupations: 74-61kya, 18-16kya (most remains) |
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Term
| H. floresiensis morphology |
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Definition
- ergaster face/teeth
- island dwarfism? late surviving species of early Homo? modern individual with disorder?
- if Homo survivor, predates ergaster/erectus leaving Africa?
- endocast shows brain similar to erectus
- nonhuman limb proportions (not a dwarf) |
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Term
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Definition
- dentition: similar to erectus, larger teeth
- face similar to Homo, no chin
- assymetrical skull, abnormal growth
- ME cretinism/Larens syndrome don't explain
- insular dwarfism can't explain drastic brain reduction
- brain not micrcephalic
- postcranial skeleton: similar to early hominid, primitive arms
- low torsion humerus/short clavicle like ergaster/georgicus
- feet: no arch, like Austra
- pelvis: similar to Austra
- different femur |
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Term
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Definition
- seen as "brutes"
- many interpretations: modern individual with pathologies? Mayer hypothesis (paused in valley, crossed river, trauma/ricketts caused frown) |
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Term
| Neanderthal characteristics |
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Definition
- cooler Wurm glaciation in Europe
- hunted, used shelter, fire
- 125-30 kya Mediterranean
- sloping forehead, no chin, low skull, large brow ridges, large teeth
- 1465 cc brain, same as modern human |
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Term
| Neanderthals vs. H. sapiens |
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Definition
- N long/protruding face, large nasal region, outward sinus cavities, broad skull, occipital bun, brow ridges have open spaces, large front teeth
- short, stocky but similar
- short lower legs/arms
- more rugged shoulders/limb bones
- muscle attachments show strength |
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Term
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Definition
- Middle East: not as extreme, more rounded skulls
- environmental adaptation? hybrids? |
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Term
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Definition
- Mousterian stone tools, middle stone age, show retouching after flaked
- supernatural belief, 1st to bury dead (with food/tools/flowers)
- buried in flexed position (ritual? smallest hole?)
- older individuals show people cared for them, most died young
- cannibalism (ritual? nutrition?) |
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Term
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Definition
- vocal anatomy unclear: maybe couldn't make some vowel sounds
- hyoid bone modern, smaller round range, no brain evidence for no language |
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Term
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Definition
- shorter lives
- less varied tools
- increased bone trauma (hunted close to animal, all ages) |
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Term
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Definition
- modern humans
- 300kya, Africa
- anatomy: small flat faces, no heavy brow ridge, chin, rounded/low skull, 1450 cc brain
- more technically complex |
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Term
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Definition
- Asia/Siberia Neanderthals, 150kya, mtDNA shows more east than assumed
- Siberia finger bone shows occupation since 125kya
- mtDNA shows Sapiens/Neanderthals have 200 different nucleotides, split 400kya
- sapiens/Denisova split 1.4mya (385 dif nucleotides) |
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